Aligned Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in Active-Galactic-Nuclei Disks Revealed by GWTC-4
GWTC-4揭示的活动星系核盘内对齐的层级黑洞合并
The active galactic nucleus (AGN) accretion disks are ideal sites for hierarchical black hole (BH) mergers. To robustly probe such a possibility, we analyze binary black hole mergers in the GWTC-4 with a flexible mixture population model for component masses, spin magnitudes, and spin tilt angles, and identify two distinct subpopulations. In the second subpopulation characterized by high spin magnitudes <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>χ</mml:mi><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> as well as the broad mass distribution up to <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo>≳</mml:mo><mml:mn>150</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, we find a pronounced preference for spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum: an isotropic tilt distribution is strongly disfavored (logarithmic Bayes factor <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4.5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). The aligned events account for <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn><mml:msubsup><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.31</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.23</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> of the second subpopulation, corresponding to a local rate of <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.16</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.38</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Gpc</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>yr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (all values reflect central 90% credible intervals). These notable features naturally arise from hierarchical mergers embedded in AGN disks, where gas torques may effectively align spins. Our results suggest that AGN-disk hierarchical assembly may be one important channel for the present gravitational-wave sample, and provide concrete, testable predictions for future detection.
展开 ▾首次在群体层面揭示高自旋子种群的自旋倾向与轨道角动量对齐,明确支持AGN盘渠道;采用灵活非参数模型同时捕捉质量、自旋大小和方向的内在关联。
既往研究曾基于GWTC-3数据识别出BBH的两个质量-自旋子种群(Wang+ 2022; Li+ 2024a),但高自旋层级合并的宿主(星团或AGN盘)仍存争议。本工作利用GWTC-4数量显著增多的样本,采用灵活非参数模型首次揭示了高自旋子种群的自旋显著偏向轨道角动量方向,这与AGN盘内气体扭矩对齐自旋的理论预期一致(Yang+ 2019a),且可解释观测到的高自旋特征(Vaccaro+ 2024),由此估计AGN盘驱动层级合并约占观测样本的10%,与BBH-AGN空间关联分析结果相符(Zhu and Chen 2025)。未来随着引力波事件积累,有望进一步区分AGN盘与星团渠道对层级合并的贡献,并结合空间引力波探测器检验合并产物向更高质量延伸的预言。
预印本 2025-09-28 · 刊出 2026-07-07 · 收录 2026-07-22