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2025 年 9 月 25 日 星期四 · 数据截至 arXiv / ADS 最新收录日
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优先级 20 · 多信使触发与联合

BlackTHUNDER: Evidence of three massive black holes in a z ∼ 5 galaxy

Übler, Hannah, Mazzolari, Giovanni, Maiolino, Roberto, et al.

原文摘要Abstract

We present observational evidence of three massive, accreting black holes in the z = 5.0167 galaxy J0148-4214 from JWST/NIRSpec-IFU spectroscopy. The black holes are revealed through broad Hα emission (FWHM = 430─2920 km/s) without a forbidden-line counterpart in the bright [O III] doublet. Channel maps of the asymmetric central Hα profile isolate two spatially distinct broad-line regions (BLRs), separated by 190 ± 40 pc, while a third BLR is found in the galaxy outskirts with a projected separation of 1.7 kpc. We discuss whether this emission could be due to supernovae, shocks, winds, or massive stars, but find the BLR origin most likely. Using single-epoch virial relations, we estimated black hole masses of log(M<SUB>∙</SUB>/M<SUB>⊙</SUB>) = 7.9 ± 0.4 (primary), 5.8 ± 0.5 (secondary), and 6.3 ± 0.5 (third off-nuclear). We argue that the two central black holes will likely rapidly merge, with a simple dynamical friction time estimate of the order of ≲700 Myr. Assuming that the third off-nuclear black hole is also in the process of sinking towards the centre, it will likely lead to a second merger, and we investigated the detection probability of such mergers with LISA. Alternatively, the third black hole may be the result of a previous central three-body interaction or a gravitational recoil, where our observations would provide evidence that such black holes may retain their accretion discs and BLRs even in the aftermath of such extreme dynamical interactions. The possible discovery of a black hole triplet at high redshifts, together with other recent results on distant black hole pairs, indicates that multiple massive black hole systems were likely common in the early Universe. Our results highlight the importance of IFU observations for the detection of massive black hole multiplets in distant galaxies, the progenitors of massive black hole mergers that may be detected with next-generation gravitational wave observatories.

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BlackTHUNDER:在红移约5的星系中发现三个大质量黑洞的证据 · 利用JWST/NIRSpec-IFU光谱在z=5.0167星系J0148-4214中观测到三个大质量吸积黑洞,通过宽Hα发射识别,并估计其质量及合并前景。

预印本 2025-09-25 · 刊出 2026-08-12 · 收录 2026-08-20

优先级 20 · 引力波电磁对应体 · 多信使触发与联合

A user-friendly Python interface for the numerical relativity code AMSS-NCKU

Qiao, Chen-Kai, Zheng, Yi, Cao, Zhou-Jian

原文摘要Abstract

Numerical relativity has brought about profound and wide-ranging influences on modern astrophysics and gravitational-wave astronomy. In this study, we present a user-friendly Python interface for the numerical relativity code AMSS-NCKU. This interface facilitates the automation of initializing and executing the AMSS-NCKU simulations, as well as the automatic visualization of the output data. The Python interface can significantly reduce the operational complexity of the AMSS-NCKU simulation workflow, lowering the technical barriers for new users. To show the utility of this Python interface, we present two representative examples of numerical relativity simulations (the binary black hole and triple black hole merger processes), obtaining stable numerical results and the expected physical behaviors for black hole systems.

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数值相对论代码AMSS-NCKU的用户友好型Python接口 · 本文为数值相对论代码AMSS-NCKU开发了一个Python接口,可自动化模拟初始化、执行及数据可视化,降低操作门槛,并通过双黑洞和三黑洞合并示例验证了其稳定性和物理正确性。

预印本 2025-09-25 · 刊出 2026-02-28 · 收录 2026-08-20