Nonconservative Mass Transfer as a Formation Channel for Gaia Black Hole Systems
非保守质量转移作为盖亚黑洞系统的形成渠道
The detected Gaia systems hosting compact objects challenge standard models of binary star evolution. In particular, if the observed black hole (BH) systems evolved in isolation, they are expected to have undergone a mass transfer phase. Given their highly unequal masses, such mass transfer is dynamically unstable within standard models, leading to a stellar merger or a short-period binary. In contrast, the observed systems have much wider orbits than predicted, making their formation within conventional evolutionary frameworks difficult to reconcile. Using detailed binary evolution calculations, we test whether nonconservative mass transfer, in which most of the mass is lost from the system carrying the specific angular momentum of the donor's center of mass, can explain the properties of two Gaia BH systems. This mass-loss geometry differs from standard isotropic re-emission from the accretor's vicinity. We find that our mass-loss geometry model reproduces the orbital periods of the two Gaia BH systems remarkably well over a wide range of initial conditions, offering a plausible formation pathway. We speculate this may point to enhanced eruptive mass loss, potentially driven by high-opacity subsurface layers in the donor prior to Roche-lobe overflow, consistent with preferentially bipolar outflows observed in luminous blue variables. Alternatively, it may indicate the need for more sophisticated mass-transfer prescriptions that account for highly unequal Roche-lobe sizes, subsynchronous rotation, and possible self-accretion. Similar mechanisms may operate in other post-mass-transfer systems facing analogous evolutionary challenges, including Gaia neutron-star and white-dwarf binaries, stripped-envelope Wolf─Rayet stars, and low-mass X-ray binaries.
展开 ▾该工作针对盖亚黑洞系统与标准模型的矛盾,测试了非保守质量转移模型,首次采用物质损失携带供体角动量的几何,成功重现了两系统的轨道周期;并推测可能与高光度蓝变星的爆发性物质损失或次同步旋转等更复杂的物理过程有关。
盖亚卫星发现的宽轨道黑洞双星对标准双星演化模型提出挑战:传统模型预测极端质量比双星会发生不稳定物质转移,导致并合或短周期轨道,难以解释观测到的宽轨道系统。Olejak等人通过假设大部分物质损失带走供体角动量(而非吸积体附近再发射),进行了详细的演化计算,成功重现了两个盖亚黑洞系统的轨道周期,为这类系统的形成提供了可行途径。未来,该机制有望拓展到其他含致密天体的后物质转移系统(如中子星、白矮星双星),并整合更精确的物质转移物理(次同步旋转、自吸积等)和观测现象(如LBV爆发),进一步完善双星演化理论。
预印本 2025-11-13 · 接收 2026-06-15 · 刊出 2026-07-10 · 收录 2026-07-22