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2026 年 2 月 26 日 星期四 · 数据截至 arXiv / ADS 最新收录日

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优先级 20 · 高能暂现天体 · 活动星系核/耀变体08-20 补录

A precessing jet from a supermassive black hole: Multi-wavelength observations of S5 1044+71

Cerruti, M., Duverne, P. A., Ganesaratnam, G., et al.

原文摘要Abstract

The bright γ-ray blazar S5 1044+71 has been identified as showing very significant quasi-periodic oscillations in the Fermi-LAT data in recent studies, with a periodicity of about three years. With the completion of a new three-year γ-ray cycle, we aim to revisit the periodicity in Fermi-LAT data, and analyze all available multi-wavelength (MWL) data to search for possible correlations and time-lags. These observations will be used to test for the compatibility of the observed periodicity with a precessing jet from the supermassive black hole powering the blazar. We analyze data from Fermi-LAT (γ-rays), NuSTAR, Swift-XRT, and AstroSat-SXT (X-rays), Swift-UVOT, AstroSat-UVIT, ASAS-SN, ZTF, Pan-STARRS (ultraviolet and optical), and NEOWISE (infrared). In addition we present an analysis from historical observations from the Palomar and Pulkovo observations. Single-band spectral variability, MWL correlations, and cross-correlations are computed. We then model the Fermi-LAT light curve with a precessing jet model, providing constraints on the geometry of the system and providing the evolution of the Doppler factor with time. The latter is used as a geometrical constraint in the modeling of the MWL spectral energy distributions, to test whether they are compatible with the jet parameters inferred from the light curve study. We confirm previous claims on the existence of a periodic γ-ray signal in S5 1044+71. We detect significant spectral variability in γ-ray, X-rays, and optical/UV data. We detect significant correlation between low-energy (infrared/optical/ultraviolet) data and γ-rays, with a correlation index of about 1; the correlation between X-rays and γ-rays is milder, with a correlation index of about 0.3. We do not detect any significant time-lag between bands. The Fermi-LAT light curve is successfully fit by a precessing jet model. The fit to the spectral energy distributions indicate that S5 1044+71 is a typical blazar, in which the γ-ray emission is located beyond the broad-line region. The existence of a periodic γ-ray signal S5 1044+71 is confirmed. All the MWL observations we present in this work are consistent with the existence of a precessing relativistic jet from the supermassive black hole.

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超大质量黑洞的进动喷流:S5 1044+71的多波段观测 · 确认了S5 1044+71的周期性伽马射线信号,并通过多波段数据分析和进动喷流模型拟合,验证了观测与超大质量黑洞进动喷流的兼容性。

预印本 2026-02-26 · 刊出 2026-07-30 · 收录 2026-08-20