Gravitational-wave Measurement of the M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB> Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
The observed gravitational-wave background (GWB) spectrum is higher in amplitude than model predictions by a factor of 2─3. Using a semi-analytic model, we evaluate the effect of a high-scatter supermassive black hole (SMBH) scaling relation (M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB>) on models of the nanohertz GWB. By implementing an intrinsic scatter of the M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB> relation, which is larger at higher redshift, but matches local observations, we find that the amplitude of GWB models increases to be consistent with the low-frequency end of the GWB spectrum. This amplitude increase is not uniform across frequencies, a strongly evolving scatter preferentially increases the number density of the most massive SMBHs which, in the GWB spectrum, minimizes the strength of the low-frequency turnover. Our models with positively evolving intrinsic scatter can reproduce the electromagnetically observed overmassive SMBHs at 4 < z < 6 without changing the M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB> normalization though we find that including moderate normalization evolution marginally improves fits to the GWB data. We conclude that the M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB> relation which best describes the available GWB and electromagnetic data sets has intrinsic scatter that evolves as <inline-formula> <mml:math><mml:mi>∊</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>∊</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.56</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>log</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math> </inline-formula> and normalization that evolves as α(z) = α<SUB>0</SUB>(1 + z)<SUP>0.84±0.35</SUP>. The results of this work imply that the M<SUB>BH</SUB>─M<SUB>bulge</SUB> relation we see today is not universal throughout cosmic time and that a diversity of seeding models and growth mechanisms may be at play in the early stages of SMBH─galaxy evolution.
展开 ▾高红移下M_BH-M_bulge内在散射的引力波测量 · 通过半解析模型拟合引力波背景数据,发现随红移演化的M_BH-M_bulge内在散射可同时解释引力波背景振幅和高红移过质量超大质量黑洞的观测。
预印本 2026-03-11 · 接收 2026-06-18 · 刊出 2026-07-15 · 收录 2026-07-22