高能暂现源 · 每日文献综述

WX Cen is most likely a candidate of compact binary supersoft X-ray sources, which consists of a white dwarf (WD) and a donor star that fills the Roche lobe. Recently, this source was detected to be experiencing a rapid orbital decay at a rate of $\dot{P} =-(4.4\pm0.4)\times10^{-7}~ \rm days~\rm{yr}^{-1}$. According to the mass function and optical eclipses, the donor-star mass can be constrained to be $0.41-0.44$, $0.47-0.50$, and $0.55-0.59~M_\odot$ when the WD mass is $0.7$, $0.9$, and $1.2~M_\odot$, respectively. The observed orbital period derivative cannot be produced by the angular momentum loss due to mass loss during the accretion of the WD, magnetic braking (MB) mechanisms, including standard MB, convection and rotation-enhanced MB, and anomalous MB prescriptions. We propose that the rapid orbital decay of WX Cen is caused by the tidal torque that originates from the resonant interaction between the binary and a surrounding circumbinary (CB) disk. Detailed stellar evolution models indicate that a WD binary with a $2.5 \times 10^{-7}~M_{\odot}$ CB disk can evolve toward a WX Cen-like system, which has an orbital period derivative of $\dot{P}=-4.0\times10^{-7}~ \rm days~\rm{yr}^{-1}$ and a relatively high mass-transfer rate of $5.3\times10^{-7}~M_\odot\rm yr^{-1}$ that can trigger a stable hydrogen burning process on the surface of the WD.

We investigate the collisionless kinetic structure of the upper solar atmosphere in the presence of an expanding magnetic field. We consider a stationary two-component plasma confined within an expanding magnetic flux tube and subject to gravity, self-electrostatic interactions, the Pannekoek-Rosseland electric field, and magnetic moment conservation. Starting from the Vlasov equation, we derive fully analytical expressions for the particle distribution functions, density profiles, and the parallel, perpendicular, and total temperature profiles. We show that the combined conservation of energy and magnetic moment generates a loss-cone distribution, reducing the density with respect to the corresponding unmagnetized atmosphere and producing a pronounced temperature anisotropy. For a single-temperature boundary condition, the competition between magnetic moment conservation and gravity causes the parallel temperature to develop a maximum. We derive analytical scaling laws for its location and amplitude and validate them against numerical calculations. We further show that the anisotropy persists independently of the temperature distribution at the lower boundary. In the regime of rare but intense heating events, gravitational filtering enhances the contribution of the hottest particle populations at coronal heights, while magnetic moment conservation further amplifies the resulting velocity-space anisotropy. This work provides a fully analytical kinetic description of the combined effects of gravitational filtering and magnetic moment conservation in an expanding coronal magnetic flux tube undergoing stochastic heating at its base. These results establish a theoretical framework for investigating the role of magnetic-field expansion in shaping the density and temperature structure of weakly collisional stellar coronae.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation into the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the charged Reissner-Nordström (RN) black hole (BH) in the bumblebee gravity framework, where spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking (LSB) occurs. To analyze the dynamical behavior, we apply the unified Teukolsky master equation within the Newman-Penrose formalism to evaluate massless field perturbations of arbitrary spins ($s=0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2$). By deriving the corresponding effective potentials, we compute the quasinormal modes (QNMs) frequencies using the Padé-improved 6th-order WKB approximation and the Asymptotic Iteration Method (AIM) and evaluate the greybody factors for all perturbing fields, demonstrating how the LSB parameter $L$ and the BH charge $Q$ modify the spacetime's damped oscillations and wave propagation. We further assess the observational prospects of these QNMs by determining the black-hole mass ranges accessible to current and future gravitational-wave detectors, including LISA, Virgo, and LIGO. Moreover, we investigate the modified thermodynamic structure, calculating the Hawking temperature, entropy with logarithmic thermal corrections and heat capacity. Our thermodynamic analysis reveals a second-order phase transition whose critical radius is heavily governed by the background charge. These combined findings provide valuable theoretical insights into how Lorentz violation affects the physical stability, thermal evolution, and phase structure of charged BHs.

We investigate the discovery potential of the charged Higgs boson at future lepton colliders and neutrino telescopes within two simplified benchmark scenarios with universal Yukawa couplings. We demonstrate that both the muon-track and cascade events at neutrino telescopes can be exploited to search for or constrain the charged Higgs boson through resonant neutrino scattering process, and we compare the sensitivities obtained under different astrophysical neutrino flux models. We study the effect of the detector volume of neutrino telescopes on the discovery potential of the charged Higgs boson. We study the signal of charged Higgs boson at future lepton colliders over different kinematic regimes using optimized reconstruction strategies. We compare the discovery potential of the two experimental approaches over the relevant parameter space and find that future lepton colliders generally provide better sensitivity in most of the parameter space, while neutrino telescopes with very large detector volume can offer competitive and complementary sensitivity in the heavy-mass region of the charged Higgs boson.

Models of galactic-scale cosmic ray production and transport have successfully reproduced the radio and $γ$-ray spectra of many galaxies; however, one notable exception is the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), where models that successfully fit other galaxies consistently overestimate its $γ$-ray flux. Here we investigate this discrepancy by applying the CRIPTIC cosmic ray transport code to recent magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the LMC's interactions with the Milky Way circumgalactic medium that accurately reproduce observations of the LMC's magnetic field structure. We recover a simulated $γ$-ray luminosity that is close to the observed luminosity for a wide range of cosmic ray transport models, while our control simulations of an isolated LMC not interacting with the Milky Way show the same over-prediction problem as previous investigations. Simulations including the CGM interaction yield lower $γ$-ray luminosities because in them cosmic rays escape the galaxy primarily via advection, significantly decreasing the emission from collisional processes and changing the dominant $γ$-ray emission mechanism from pion decay to inverse Compton emission. Comparisons of the detailed spectral shape show that our interacting LMC models match the observed $γ$-ray spectrum at photon energies below $\sim 10$ GeV, but still slightly overestimate the flux at higher energies, suggesting either more strongly energy-dependent transport than the models we have explored, or a cosmic ray injection spectrum steeper than the $p^{-2.2}$ that we adopt.

RES-NOVA is a cryogenic experiment based on PbWO4 scintillating bolometers produced from archaeological lead, originally designed to detect coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) from galactic core-collapse supernovae. We show that the same high-density, high-Z absorbers and sub-keV energy resolution make RES-NOVA an appealing probe of solar axions. We compute the expected signal from the Primakoff, ABC (atomic recombination and de-excitation, Bremsstrahlung, Compton), longitudinal-plasmon (LP), and 57Fe nuclear-line components of the solar axion flux, folded through the inverse-Primakoff and axioelectric detection channels in PbWO4, which probe the axion couplings to photons (g_a-gamma), electrons (g_ae), and nucleons (g_aN), respectively. We derive projected sensitivities for a 1 ton*y exposure of the RES-NOVA demonstrator in the (g_ae,g_a-gamma), (g_ae,g_aN), and (g_a-gamma,g_aN) planes. The projected reach in g_ae approaches that of XENONnT to within a factor of ~2, despite a background roughly four orders of magnitude higher, thanks to the large target mass, the high-Z enhancement of the axioelectric and inverse-Primakoff cross sections, and the sub-keV energy resolution. Because the inverse-Primakoff constraint on g_a-gamma relies on absorption rather than coherent conversion, it is independent of the axion mass, unlike bounds from magnetic helioscopes. We complement these projections with the first solar-axion exclusion limit obtained on real data with a 13 g PbWO4 prototype grown from archaeological lead, using a background-model-independent optimum-interval analysis. These results establish RES-NOVA as a promising multi-coupling probe of solar axions, with simultaneous sensitivity to g_ae, g_a-gamma and g_aN that is complementary to existing helioscope and direct-detection searches.

The vacuum persistence probability, encoded in the imaginary part of the in-out effective action, is a basic measure of vacuum instability and particle production. However, its evaluation may appear prescription-dependent: the Bogoliubov prescription and the Green's function prescription can yield different expressions. We show that this apparent ambiguity arises because the Green's function prescription omits the nontrivial contribution from the endpoint vacuum wavefunctionals, which should be present in the complete in-out amplitude. Including this contribution accomplishes the boundary completion of the Green's function prescription. The ambiguity is thereby resolved, and the complete result agrees with the Bogoliubov expression.

Indigenous narratives have long preserved observations of celestial phenomena, offering insights that resonate with modern astrophysical research. Deeply embedded in cultural traditions, these stories describe events such as stellar variability, supernovae, eclipses, and planetary alignments. Indigenous communities have also used the stars for navigation and calendar systems, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of celestial patterns. These narratives not only complement historical records but offer human-centric perspectives on stellar life cycles that often parallel modern models. Drawing from traditions from diverse Indigenous communities - including Aboriginal Australians, Pueblo peoples, Inuit, and Polynesians - this paper highlights the profound connections between Indigenous knowledge and stellar astrophysics. Integrating these traditions acknowledges their value, safeguards their relevance in the Space Age, and fosters mutual learning through cross-cultural collaboration. We explore how such narratives can enrich education, public engagement, and even inspire scientific hypotheses, bridging cultural heritage and modern astrophysics.

We numerically investigate networks of global $\mathbb{Z}_N$ strings with multi-string junctions in a scalar field model whose vacuum manifold is $\mathrm{PSU}(N)=\mathrm{SU}(N)/\mathbb{Z}_N$. The construction of the model is motivated by the Higgs vacua of mass-deformed $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, commonly known as $\mathcal{N}=1^*$ theory, and provides a tractable effective description of string networks with baryon-vertex-like junctions. We perform classical lattice simulations of the formation and evolution of these networks in a radiation-dominated universe. For $N=2,3,4,5,$ and $8$, we find that the networks approach a scaling regime rather than becoming frustrated. The normalization of the string density grows in proportion to the dimension of the adjoint representation, $N^2-1$, while non-minimal-charge components remain subdominant. These results imply that, at least for $N\lesssim 8$, the amplitude of the gravitational-wave energy density generated by the cosmic-string network scales as $Ω_{\rm GW}\propto μ^2 (N^2-1)^2$, where $μ$ is the tension of a unit-charge string.

We study the effect of shear viscosity in stationary magnetized accretion tori on synthetic images of non-rotating black hole shadows. Shear viscosity and spacetime-curvature contributions are introduced perturbatively in the tori through first and second-order transport coefficients within a second-order causal theory of non-ideal relativistic hydrodynamics. Synthetic black hole shadow images at 230\,GHz are obtained via general relativistic radiative transfer computations assuming thermal synchrotron emission and for a wide range of plasma magnetization parameters, viewing inclination angles, electron-temperature prescriptions, and viscosity parameters. A comparative pixel-by-pixel analysis using two normalized metrics shows that the largest image differences occur for strongly magnetized tori. While shear viscosity induces only minor changes in the overall shadow morphology, its combined effects with spacetime curvature are more evident in localized modifications of the synchrotron emission and pixel-wise flux distribution. These effects become increasingly pronounced at higher inclination angles, with the largest brightness differences between viscous and non-viscous configurations occurring for larger values of the electron-temperature parameter. Overall, our results indicate that shear viscosity and spacetime curvature leave only modest imprints on black hole shadow images produced by stationary thick disks, with differences remaining at the level of a few $μ$Jy. Since our analysis is limited to stationary tori, the effects of shear viscosity might however be more significant in fully dynamical accretion systems.

The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) remains a central open problem in astroparticle physics. The observed large-scale anisotropy of UHECR arrival directions above several EeV, together with the spectral suppression at the highest energies, suggests extragalactic sources confined to a limited volume of the nearby Universe, though the effective spatial scale of this contribution remains poorly constrained. We aim to constrain the effective propagation horizon of UHECR with energies E >= 8 EeV by studying how well the observed large-scale anisotropy is reproduced by the distribution of nearby galaxies at different distances, accounting for Galactic magnetic-field deflections. We construct volume-limited galaxy samples from the GLADE+ catalogue extending to 10000 km/s (~150 Mpc) and use both dipole comparisons and angular cross-correlation analyses with the Pierre Auger Observatory UHECR flux map (E >= 8 EeV) to characterize the distance dependence of the anisotropy signal, further weighting the galaxy-UHECR correlations using deflection maps derived from a Galactic magnetic field model. We find that the angular separation between the galaxy and UHECR dipoles is minimized for galaxies within cz < 4000 km/s (< 60 Mpc), where the galaxy dipole amplitude is also maximal. The galaxy-UHECR cross-correlation signal is dominated by this nearby population and weakens rapidly at larger distances. Accounting for Galactic magnetic field deflections enhances the correlation amplitude by more than a factor of two, indicating that magnetic effects significantly shape the observed anisotropy. Our results indicate that the observed anisotropy of UHECR of 8 EeV and above is primarily driven by sources within ~50-60 Mpc, consistent with expectations from energy losses and magnetic deflections, retaining a measurable imprint of the nearby extragalactic matter distribution.

GW231123, if unlensed, is a rare binary black hole merger with high masses and high spins for both progenitors. We show that the signal is better fitted by a lower-mass, lower-spin merger that is diffraction-lensed by an isolated object of redshifted mass $\sim 1000\,\rm M_\odot$, modeled either as a point mass or as a spherically symmetric compact halo. Because diffraction-lensed events are also rare, hypothesis testing should quote the posterior odds ratio rather than the Bayes factor, which requires quantifying our prior belief in the two hypotheses. We adopt the GWTC-5 population distribution as our source parameter prior, and quantify the prior on the lens hypothesis through the lensing optical depth. For a point-mass lens, observational constraints on the abundance of black holes in the Universe yield an upper bound on the optical depth, and hence on the posterior odds, which do not rule out lensing. However, using a predicted mass function of intermediate-mass black holes formed in star clusters gives a low optical depth that strongly disfavors lensing. For a dark matter halo lens, standard collisionless cold dark matter does not form halos compact enough to give the required optical depth, but self-interacting dark matter with a large cross section at low velocities can trigger gravothermal collapse and form them, in which case the posterior odds are inconclusive. In either case, from a frequentist perspective, we show that detecting a lensed event with properties like GW231123 is unlikely. These conclusions apply to isolated lenses, while a lens embedded in an external gravitational potential could change the picture.

White dwarfs that show atmospheric metal enrichment offer a direct window into the bulk composition of exoplanetary material and provide some of the most direct constraints on the building blocks of rocky exoplanetary systems. Recent work has suggested that magnetic fields may influence how this material is accreted, potentially channelling debris along field lines and retaining it near magnetic poles rather than allowing it to be redistributed uniformly across the stellar surface. Here we report the discovery of photometric, spectroscopic, and spectropolarimetric variability in the magnetic DZ white dwarf WD1532+129, revealing a rotation period of about 289 days, by far the longest yet directly measured for any degenerate star. The observed period may result from the combined effect of angular-momentum loss during the evolution leading to the white dwarf stage and an unusually slowly rotating progenitor, perhaps a magnetic Ap star. The white dwarf exhibits surface abundance inhomogeneities, with metals concentrated near both magnetic poles, and the observed modulation is consistent with localised metal-rich regions aligned with the magnetic geometry. WD1532+129 is the third of the four known magnetic DZ white dwarfs within 20 pc to show evidence for polar metal enhancement, indicating that magnetically guided inhomogeneities are a common property of magnetic metal-enriched white dwarfs.

Within theoretical frameworks such as loop quantum gravity, black holes may evolve into white holes through a quantum bounce. This paper uses general relativistic ray-tracing techniques to calculate the ray-traced imaging of accretion disks from the previous cosmic stage during the Kerr black hole and post-bounce Kerr white hole phases. Calculations show that the black hole image presents a crescent emission ring and a central shadow. In contrast, after radiation from the previous universe penetrates the rotating white hole, eccentric and asymmetric nested intensity ring structures form in the synthetic image due to frame-dragging and lensing effects. We analyze the influence of spin parameters, observation inclinations, and accretion disk geometric configurations on the distribution of this nested ring structure using synthetic images and intensity profiles. Building upon this, we introduce polarized ray-tracing calculations for radiation across evolutionary stages. This process results in the polarization image features after the polarization vector is subjected to the gravitational field and spacetime spin dragging during the photon propagation through the white hole horizon and internal spacetime. The spatial rotation patterns and concentric interference fringes in the white hole polarization images exhibit a distinct inter-ring polarization discontinuity. This phenomenon differs from the polarization behavior of black holes. The intensity ring structures and polarization inter-ring discontinuity features provide multi-band and polarimetric interferometry baselines to overcome morphological observational degeneracies. This provides theoretical guidance for future very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) to distinguish black holes and white holes.

This work explores the production of an MeV-scale electrophilic axion-like particles (ALPs) by utilizing the monochromatic 5.5MeV photon resulting from the nuclear fusion processes in the Sun. These 5.5MeV photons can undergo the Compton-like scattering with the ambient electrons in the solar matter to produce a substantial flux of MeV ALPs. Upon reaching the Earth, such ALPs can be detected via the same electron coupling, offering a new opportunity for the dark matter (DM) direct detection experiments to probe the previously unexplored parameter regions. We show that the existing data of LZ, PandaX-4T, and Borexino can attain the sensitivities $g_{ae} \lesssim 3.7 \times 10^{-6}$, $g_{ae} \lesssim 3.7 \times 10^{-6}$ and $g_{ae} \lesssim 1.7 \times 10^{-6}$, respectively, for $m_a \lesssim 1$MeV. An optimistic 200 tonne$\times$year exposure by PandaX-xT can reach $g_{ae}\lesssim 1.6 \times 10^{-6}$ for most of the mass window $m_a < 1$MeV and even $g_{ae} \lesssim 1.5 \times 10^{-7}$ with $m_a$ approaching 1MeV. Despite the stringent constraints from different laboratory experiments and astrophysical observations, our obtained limits from LZ, PandaX-4T, and Borexino can probe new parameter regions, specifically in the mass window $0.4\,{\rm MeV} \lesssim m_a \lesssim 1$MeV.

The radial and lateral dimensions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) influence their duration and probability of encounter at Earth. These properties are linked to the expansion speed of CMEs in different radial and lateral directions; however, most earlier studies modeled CME evolution using a projected full ice-cream cone geometry, which does not distinguish between radial and lateral expansion. Our study investigates the asymmetric expansion (relative radial and lateral components) and kinematics of seven fast and seven slow CMEs within coronagraphic heights, using the Graduated Cylindrical Shell model. Our study confirms that CMEs expand asymmetrically, with lateral expansion exceeding radial expansion in both CME populations. This asymmetry limits the accuracy of the full ice-cream cone model. For both fast and slow CMEs, higher leading edge speeds are associated with higher expansion speeds. At a height of 10 Rs, slow CMEs with larger expansion speeds (lateral and radial) have larger angular widths (face-on and edge-on), whereas fast CMEs exhibit a negative correlation between lateral expansion speed and face-on angular width. We find that the expansion and propagation speeds of slow CMEs exhibit a two-phase evolution, whereas those of fast CMEs display more diverse trends. Overall, this study suggests that fast and slow CMEs evolve differently and should not be treated as a single population in statistical estimates of their physical parameters. Our study highlights the importance of estimating CME angular widths and expansion speeds along different directions, and beyond standard coronagraphic heights, to capture their complete physical evolution.

This manuscript investigates the impact of bulk viscosity on the viability of cosmic bounce solutions in the context of $f(\mathcal{Q})$ theory, where $\mathcal{Q}$ is a non-metricity scalar. To complete this objective, we study the behavior of an isotropic homogeneous universe filled with a perfect fluid and consider a innovative parametrization of bulk viscosity coefficient with an arbitrary constant $ζ_0$ as $ζ=ζ_{0}H$. We consider the particular functional form of this modified theory to explore how this gravitational framework influences the cosmic evolution and explore a range of cosmological parameters to assess the existence and physical viability of bounce solutions. We also investigate the evolution of entropy through the second law of thermodynamics. The positive trend of energy density, negative pressure profile and violation of energy conditions support the existence of viable cosmological bounce scenario and highlights the significance of bulk viscosity in this framework. These results demonstrate that $f(\mathcal{Q})$ gravity provides a compelling alternative to standard cosmic models and provides deep insights into the nature of gravitational interaction and the early cosmos.

Hidden sectors are a generic prediction of string theory compactifications and result in a promising landscape for dark matter model building. We consider the case of hidden sector magnetic monopoles produced via a thermal phase transition in the early Universe and subsequently diluted by pair annihilation. We show that for symmetry-breaking scales $\gtrsim 100\, \text{PeV}$, the monopole abundance is unacceptably high, overclosing the Universe. Our bounds are robust against variations in the initial fraction of energy density deposited in the hidden sector, exhibiting only a weak power-law dependence on this quantity. The bound is substantially tightened in the case of multiple hidden sectors. The standard cosmology may only be recovered if one of the following is true: the hidden sector(s) are non-existent, the hidden sectors have no monopoles with symmetry-breaking scale above 100 PeV, the maximum temperature of each monopole-producing hidden sector after reheating is below its symmetry-breaking scale, or the monopole abundance is diluted during a period of early matter domination.

In this work, we investigate the existence, relation to the energy conditions, and radial bounds of static spheres in general static, spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat black hole spacetimes. By analyzing the global behavior of a radial function constructed from the mass and radial pressure functions, we prove that a static sphere necessarily requires a negative radial pressure (tension). Furthermore, we show that non-degenerate static spheres must always appear in pairs: an inner unstable sphere and an outer stable one. Assuming the Weak Energy Condition (WEC) always holds, the inner static sphere is characterized by a violation of the strong energy condition (SEC) inequality $ρ+p+2p_T<0$, where $ρ$, $p$, and $p_T$ denote the energy density, radial pressure, and tangential pressure, respectively; the SEC inequality is restored ($ρ+p+2p_T> 0$) at the outer sphere; the degenerate marginal case satisfies $ρ+p+2p_T=0$. In addition, focusing on the innermost static sphere and assuming that the WEC holds while the SEC is uniformly violated between the event horizon and this sphere, we derive a rigorous upper bound on its radius, \[ r^-_{\mathrm{sp}}\le \left[r_H^3+\frac{3r_H\bigl(1-8πr^2_Hρ(r_H)\bigr)}{8πκ}\right]^{1/3}, \] where $r_H$ is the horizon radius, $ρ(r_H)$ the energy density at the horizon, and $κ$ characterizes the strength of the SEC violation. These results establish a direct, analytic link between the energy conditions and the existence of static spheres, and provide a quantitative constraint on the matter environment of black holes possessing such orbits. The findings have potential applications in testing black hole solutions in general relativity and modified theories of gravity, as well as in interpreting related astronomical observations.

Large stellar surveys have revealed the global abundance structure of the Milky Way, but small high-fidelity spectral samples offer a critical complement of nucleosynthetic depth. We aim to access the encoded information in an ensemble of abundances by leveraging highest-quality spectra. We used HARPS spectra (R=115,000) to determine (Teff, log(g), [M/H], vmic and vsini) and 22 element abundances (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and Eu) for 426 red giant stars at a median internal precision of $\sim$0.02 dex evaluated from analysing repeat observations of a subset of stars. Stellar parameters and line-by-line abundances were obtained using the modern spectral synthesis code Korg -- the first time it has been used for HARPS. Comparisons with the literature reveal good overall agreement. A minor 0.1 dex offset in metallicity and specific discrepancies in individual element abundances are attributed to local thermal equilibrium assumptions and inaccuracies in atomic data. We show that 22 individual elements can be collapsed into a generative 6-parameter latent-variable model of shared enrichment patterns expressed in different per-star fractions; this model accurately generates the abundances with a median $χ_{reduced}^2 = 6$. We report element gradients with respect to selected elements from different nucleosynthetic families. These gradients are a measure of inter-element production efficiencies and indicate multiple r-process production sites. Our analysis shows that abundances occupy a low-dimensional subspace, but joint (gradient-based) information encodes nucleosynthetic signatures. We have developed a Korg-pipeline to apply across evolutionary states on high-resolution spectra to provide our precision catalogue to serve as empirical constraints on chemical evolution and as a set of benchmark red giant abundance measurements.

We present a comprehensive analysis of the recently discovered TeV gamma-ray source, LHAASO J2238+5900. Based on data collected from the LHAASO, our fitting results suggest that the source is significantly extended with an angular extension of 0.54° \pm 0.01° and is spatially coincident with the pulsar PSR J2238+5903. Its spectrum is characterized by a power-law with a cutoff at 41.0\pm 3.5 TeV. Additionally, the source exhibits a significant signal of 7.9σabove 100 TeV, implying that it is a PeVatron candidate. While the gamma-ray emission is consistent with a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) scenario, the relatively large extension size also allows for a halo interpretation, potentially caused by electron-positron pairs escaping from the PWN.

Complex extremal surfaces naturally arise in holographic observables associated with timelike subregions in AdS/CFT and with holographic observables in dS/CFT, but their integration contours are generally ambiguous. In this work, we propose a method for constructing complex bulk metrics from families of complex extremal surfaces, thereby generating candidate complex geometries relevant to the gravitational path integral. This construction provides a concrete realization of how complex bulk geometry may emerge from timelike entanglement, extending the familiar idea that spacetime geometry is encoded in quantum entanglement. We use the Kontsevich--Segal--Witten (KSW) criterion as a strong consistency condition to constrain the corresponding contours. The same framework also explains why spacelike entanglement naturally selects a real Lorentzian section. In several AdS and dS examples, the KSW condition uniquely determines the admissible contour within the class considered. We also identify configurations for which the resulting complex geometry violates the KSW bound near the asymptotic boundary, revealing both the scope and the limitations of the construction. These results highlight KSW admissibility as a useful organizing principle for complex saddles in real-time holography.

A generalization of the Barboza-Alcaniz parametrization of dark energy is proposed. This is a three-parameter model which can resolve the shortcomings of the Barboza-Alcaniz behavior at future times. We show that cosmological data favor the new parametrization over both the Barboza-Alcaniz model and $Λ$CDM. We also consider the cosmological implications of the model and show that the qualitative behavior mimics to the original Barboza-Alcaniz model, with a slightly smaller acceleration rate.

We estimate the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function (GSMF) of HI gas-rich galaxies using the 100\% ALFALFA ($α$) catalog, $\sim 98\%$ of which have optical counterparts in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and a subset of them have counterparts in GALEX SDSS WISE Legacy Catalogue-2(GSWLC-2). We use the mass estimates from this subset which combines UV, optical and IR bands with individual dust corrections to recalibrate optical stellar mass estimates. We use a non-parametric method to estimate the GSMF of these gas-rich galaxies. The resulting, HI-selected GSMF is consistent with a single Schechter function with best-fit parameters $\left\{φ_* (10^{-3}\, h_{70}^{3}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}\,\mathrm{dex}^{-1}), \log_{10} (M_*/M_{\odot}) + 2\log_{10} h_{70}, α\right\} = \left\{2.30^{+0.12}_{-0.12}, \,10.83^{+0.01}_{-0.01},\, -1.14^{+0.02}_{-0.02}\right\} $. Additionally, the red and blue populations are each well described by a single Schechter function. After correcting for selection effects, we find that the red population accounts for only $\sim18\%$ of gas-rich galaxies by number, yet contributes $\sim54\%$ of the total stellar mass, with the blue population accounting for the rest. Using an optically selected sample and a joint optical-HI sample, we find gas-rich galaxies represent $\sim 33\%$ of the total stellar mass density and $\sim 39\%$ of the total galaxy number counts in the local Universe. We use the GSMF and the HI mass function (HIMF) of the HI-selected sample to obtain the $M_{\rm HI}-M_{\rm star}$ relation, which is free from selection bias.

An opacity model that incorporates improved treatments of both plasma screening and configuration interaction (CI) effects is proposed, and a 25-30% enhancement on the iron L-shell opacity is predicted at solar interior temperatures. It is originated from the plasma screening induced 14-17% enhancement on the photoionization cross sections and the CI induced 10-20% enhancement on photoexcitation and photoionization cross sections for open L-shell ions. These explain the long-standing discrepancy between theoretical and experimental iron opacity [Nature 517, 56], and the relatively weaker enhancements on chromium and nickel opacity [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 235001] due to the sensitivity of these effects to the different L-shell electron population and plasma temperature/density. This letter provides the systematic interpretation of L-shell opacity measurements at solar interior temperatures, and advances the accurate simulation of opacity and radiative transport in high-energy-density plasma.

Accurate modeling of polarized Galactic emission has become a major challenge for current and next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode experiments. Ignoring the spectral complexity of thermal dust and Galactic synchrotron emission when integrating along the line of sight and over large sky fractions inevitably leads to biases in CMB polarization analyses. In this work, we review how the future LiteBIRD satellite, which will benefit from an increased number of bands and sensitivity with respect to past CMB experiments such as Planck, will exploit its broader frequency coverage to characterize the spectral properties of interstellar medium emission across the three-dimensional structure of the Milky Way. We show that the canonical description of foreground spectral behavior will reach its limits for LiteBIRD, and that this challenge can be addressed using the moment expansion formalism.

We derive a new exact solution of four-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory by applying the uplift-boost-reduction procedure to the Zipoy-Voorhees vacuum seed. The resulting Zipoy-Voorhees-dilaton spacetime is a static, axisymmetric, asymptotically flat configuration parametrised by a seed length scale $M$, the Zipoy-Voorhees deformation parameter $k$, and a boost parameter $α$ that controls the electric charge. For $k=1$ it admits a regular black-hole interpretation; for $k \neq 1$ it inherits the naked curvature singularity of the seed at $r=2M$. We extract the ADM mass, electric charge, and dilaton charge, finding that the dilaton charge obeys an algebraic constraint independent of the quadrupole deformation. The equatorial geodesics of neutral test particles and photons are studied in detail. A compact algebraic identity locates the exterior-photon-ring threshold at $k=1/2$ for all $α$, generalising the known threshold of the vacuum Zipoy-Voorhees case. The innermost stable circular orbit is mapped over the $(k,α)$ plane, and the comparison with Schwarzschild is shown to depend qualitatively on whether seed-mass or ADM-mass units are used. We further compute the gravitational redshift, which diverges on the $r=2M$ surface and renders the near-singularity orbits effectively invisible, and the critical impact parameter setting the characteristic shadow size, which in ADM-mass units shrinks below the Schwarzschild value as the charge grows.

We apply the parabolic-hyperbolic formulation of the Einstein constraint equations to generate cosmological initial data. The freely specifiable geometric data correspond to flat Friedmann--Lemaître--Robertson--Walker background, while the matter sector contains localized anisotropic perturbations of a perfect fluid. Unlike the standard approach, our method evolves the constraints outward from regular data at the origin and therefore requires no boundary conditions. This makes our method well suited as a starting point in investigating systematic biases introduced by commonly adopted boundary conditions, such as periodic boundaries. A second advantage concerns uniqueness: standard elliptic solvers may fail when multiple solutions exist, whereas solving the constraints as a well-posed evolutionary system always yields a unique solution. To demonstrate our method, we implement it numerically and generate cosmological initial data with localized anisotropic perfect fluid perturbations.

We develop a systematic analytic method for studying high-order pole-skipping in near-extremal holographic black holes. In the near-extremal regime, approaching the limit $T\to0$, the near-horizon geometry develops an approximately $\mathrm{AdS}_2 \times \mathbb{R}^{d-1}$ structure; we show that the mode index $q$ labeling pole-skipping points is identified with the IR conformal dimension $Δ_{\mathrm{IR}} = q$ in the emergent $\mathrm{AdS}_2/\mathrm{CFT}_1$ correspondence, providing a concrete physical interpretation of the subleading pole-skipping tower. The method reorganizes the near-horizon Frobenius expansion according to powers of temperature. This reveals a temperature-graded hierarchical structure that reduces the $n$-th-order pole-skipping condition to a factorized algebraic equation:each pole-skipping momentum depends only on the mode index $q$, not on the order $n$. This $n$-independence produces a high degeneracy as $T\to 0$, where pole-skipping momenta at all orders collapse onto a discrete set of values determined by near-horizon geometry and the scalar field mass; these values can be expressed in terms of thermodynamic quantities such as entropy density and specific heat. In the limit $n \gg 1$ (with $nT$ remaining small), the leading pole-skipping momenta grow asymptotically as $k_{n,n} \propto n$. We compute leading temperature corrections and verify our predictions through numerical analysis of the Dyonic Gubser--Rocha model. The results confirm that high-order pole-skipping at low temperature is governed by near-horizon physics. This provides analytic access to pole-skipping points well beyond those accessible by standard determinant methods and clarifies the structure of holographic Green's functions in the low-temperature regime.

The cosmic microwave background radiation or particles surrounding a black hole can be modeled as a thermal bath coupled to the black hole. In this study, we investigate the effects of such a thermal bath on black hole radiation. The model involves Hawking radiation particles that are bilinearly coupled to the thermal bath. In this framework, the Hawking radiation particles are treated as the system, and the bath serves as the environment. We analytically derive the effective Keldysh action and the dynamical equation of the system, which are essential for studying the effective dynamics of Hawking radiation. For the specific case of a bath weakly coupled to the radiation particles from a Schwarzschild black hole, we numerically solve the effective dynamical equation. The results indicate that the bath suppresses Hawking radiation. Consequently, an observer located far away from the black hole will detect radiation that is weaker than Hawking's original prediction.

Precise predictions of cosmic-ray antinuclei fluxes, a prime dark matter signature, are limited by the lack of data constraining production rates of antinuclei. We mitigate this bottleneck with a fast, differentiable normalizing-flow surrogate for the femtoscopic source model (CECA), fit to 49 ALICE proton-proton correlation functions, and extrapolated via scaling laws to the low-multiplicity domain relevant for cosmic rays. The surrogate reproduces CECA with sub-percent emulation fidelity, yielding data-constrained source functions that remove the dominant uncertainty in coalescence-based antinuclei production rates. The resulting uncertainties on the coalescence parameters $B_2$ and $B_3$ shrink from factors of 10-100 and ${\sim}$1000 to the few percent and ten-percent level, respectively, with an additional ${\sim}15\%$ wavefunction systematic for $B_{2}$.

Simulation-based inference (SBI) with machine learning is an increasingly important tool for solving inverse problems in science and engineering, including parameter inference and the inversion of detector effects. We provide an overview of the Bayesian and frequentist statistical frameworks, describe how machine-learning-based SBI methods, such as neural posterior estimation and neural likelihood estimation, can be used for parameter estimation within these frameworks, and show that the same methods can also be applied to Empirical Bayes or unfolding tasks. We also discuss how to validate inference results and the limitations of SBI with machine learning.

The Paradox of the Third Particle arises when comparing subsystem descriptions across Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) perspectives. We isolate two distinct origins of the Paradox: the QRF covariance of the partial trace and the failure of the physical Hilbert space to inherit the kinematical tensor-product structure. We give an explicit counterexample to the Relational Trace (RT) resolution: an uncorrelated product state for which the RT statistical condition trivialises. We then introduce a new statistical consistency condition comparing subsystem discarding between external and internal QRFs, together with an associated frame-dependent map, the Perspective Relational Trace (PRT). We argue that our condition captures the operational content of the Paradox: rather than imposing consistency on the whole state space, we characterise exactly the states on which it holds in the Perspective-Neutral (PN) and Quantum-Information (QI) approaches. This separates three levels of description: a PN subsystem of a PN whole, where consistency fails on a characterised set that includes product states; a QI subsystem of a QI whole, where it holds for all states; and a QI subsystem obtained from a PN whole by kinematical partial trace, where the full weakly invariant algebra is recovered, yet consistency holds only on a proper subset. These results show that the PN approach can consistently describe only a closed, isolated system, while the QI approach can accommodate arbitrary subsystems. Tracing out a subsystem from a globally PN state yields a charge-superselected algebra, reproducing in a minimal QRF model the boundary-charge structure of edge modes. We understand the Paradox not as a genuine contradiction, but as the consequence of comparing inequivalent physical layers without tracking which information is externally and which internally accessible.

We study the thermodynamic and dynamical properties of static, spherically symmetric BHs in Einstein-Maxwell theory modified by a non-minimal $\ln(R)F^{2}$ coupling. The Hawking temperature follows from the Hamilton-Jacobi form of the fermionic tunnelling method for spin-$\tfrac12$ particles, and it carries scale-dependent logarithmic corrections. We then analyze the propagation of massless Dirac fields, compute the quasinormal-mode (QNM) spectrum with the third-order WKB approximation, and read off a quality factor whose balance between oscillation and damping depends on the logarithmic coupling in a mode-dependent way. Moving outward from the horizon, we work out the transmission of the fermionic field and its Hawking emission, and we solve the null and timelike geodesic problems to obtain the photon sphere, the shadow radius, the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), the associated zoom-whirl bound orbits, and the orbital and epicyclic frequencies that set the twin-peak quasiperiodic-oscillation (QPO) ratio. A photon-sphere reading of the eikonal QNM frequencies ties the geodesic sector back to the field perturbations. On the thermodynamic side, we build the phase space with quantum-geometric corrections through the Barrow entropy, and we characterize the global phase structure with the topological method, where the winding numbers of the off-shell free energy are governed by the interplay of the fractal Barrow deformation, the electric charge, and the logarithmic coupling. We find that the effective pressure vanishes exactly on the topological defect line, which links the pressure sign to the local stability of each branch.

We investigate static, spherically symmetric black hole solutions in a class of higher-curvature gravitational theories described by a Lagrangian that depends on the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars. The modified Einstein equations contain higher-order curvature terms. We develop a perturbative scheme to look for a black hole solution that deviates parametrically from the Schwarzschild geometry. We obtain first-order corrections to the metric by solving the resulting coupled differential equations. The corresponding Iyer--Wald entropy is then evaluated consistently to first order in the perturbative coupling. We show that the higher-curvature contribution gives rise to a power-law correction to the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy.

We study soliton-black hole phase transitions in asymptotically AdS planar spacetimes sourced by a cloud of strings. In the planar background, the string cloud exhibits a brush-like configuration, where the strings are aligned parallel to each other and extend along the radial direction. This leads to a stress tensor with nonvanishing components only along the temporal and radial directions. By comparing the Euclidean on-shell actions of the planar black hole and the corresponding AdS soliton under the same boundary conditions, we obtain the free energy difference between the two phases. Our results show that the string cloud parameter significantly modifies the competition between the black hole phase and the soliton phase. In particular, positive and negative values of the string cloud parameter affect the phase structure in different ways, changing the dominance relation between the black hole and soliton configurations.

Gravitational-wave echoes from Exotic Compact Objects (ECOs) provide an observable probe for horizon-scale physics. Standard phenomenological models for these signals typically assume a constant Free Spectral Range, relying on the geometric optics approximation. In this work, we demonstrate that wave dispersion at the photon sphere induces a systematic deviation from this assumption, manifesting instead as a hyperbolic spectral densification. By employing an analytical framework based on the Riccati equation and macroscopic impedance mapping, we extract the spectrum of these high-finesse resonances without semi-classical approximations. We characterize the structural transition from the eikonal geometric asymptote (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mo>≫</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) down to the wave-tunneling dominated quadrupolar mode (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). In this wave-dominated regime (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mo>∈</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), the macroscopic deviation from the semi-classical limit is governed by a phenomenological <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> inverse power law. Finally, we show that this macroscopic densification isolates the structural dispersion of the external spacetime, decoupled from the boundary microphysics, provided the membrane phase shift is frequency-independent.

We investigate five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes (PBHs) as dark matter candidates within the dark dimension scenario motivated by the Swampland Program. In this framework, a micron-scale extra dimension modifies Hawking evaporation, while a phenomenological memory-burden factor <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> can further prolong PBH lifetimes. We compute the evaporation dynamics for rotating 5D PBHs, derive the burdened lifetime scaling, and study the fiducial <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> benchmark over <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>≲</mml:mo><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>≲</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>21</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>. The curvature perturbations responsible for PBH formation also generate a stochastic gravitational wave background through second-order scalar-induced effects. Assuming a log-normal primordial power spectrum with <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>PBH</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula>, we calculate the present-day energy density <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi><mml:mi>GW</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> across this benchmark interval. The predicted signals peak at frequencies from nHz to Hz, within the sensitivity ranges of LISA and DECIGO/BBO. Fisher forecasts illustrate the prospective sensitivity to the PBH mass, dark matter fraction, spectral width, and phenomenological exponent <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>. A joint test of the gravitational-wave spectrum and the evaporation history could probe extradimensional PBHs and memory-burden phenomenology.

We demonstrate the readout of a superconducting $LC$ resonator, with $Q \approx 2 \times 10^{6}$ at approximately 250 kHz, using a dc SQUID followed by a SQUID series-array amplifier readout chain. We find that $Q$ depends on the SQUID flux-bias point, increasing near the shallow-slope point of the SQUID modulation curve and decreasing near the steep-slope point, consistent with the previously observed SQUID damping effects. From this variation, we infer the SQUID effective input impedance. We further infer the effective temperature of the resonator circuit from the resonance peak in the noise spectrum and show that it also depends on the SQUID flux-bias point, suggesting a possible contribution from SQUID back-action noise. This system provides a working prototype for future experiments based on lumped-element resonators with SQUID readout, in particular low-mass axion searches within the DMRadio program.

We investigate how the primordial curvature perturbation of a certain wavelength scale affects the halo and subhalo structure. Primordial power spectrum considered in this paper features a nearly scale-invariant form with a cutoff at the wavenumber $ k = \mathcal{O}(1)~$Mpc$^{-1}$ and an additional log-normal bump at smaller scales. We compute the host halo evolution, as well as the subhalo mass function. To be consistent with the observations of stellar streams and gravitational lensing data, the amplitude of the bump that is typically the same or larger than $10^{-9}$ of the primordial curvature perturbation should be present at the wavenumbers of $10$ - $30$ Mpc$^{-1}$.

We re-examine integration methods of linear nonadiabatic radial pulsations in the envelopes of AGB and post-AGB stars using the subspace shooting formulation. In the article the accuracy of the direct integration, the Riccati based method and a continuous renormalization nonlinear integration method are examined. The last method is not widely used in stellar pulsation studies and is therefore of interest in the present comparison. A tracking transformation of the two independent solution vectors is introduced. It helps to improve the accuracy and stability of the solution and can be readily implemented for any of these integration methods. Minimum singular value maps are used to examine the structure of the pulsation spectrum over the complex-frequency plane and also to assess the fidelity with which the integration methods transport the solution subspace. These maps provide a practical alternative to the customarily used maps based on the determinant. We use these maps together with the eigenfrequency spectra to establish mesh conditions required for the reliable transport of the solution subspace, especially in the nonlinear methods. To measure the quality of the subspace transport a spillover measure is introduced. Using this measure it is also possible to verify the placement of the inner boundary, which in the case of radial modes, cannot be guided by propagation criteria based on the Lamb frequency. Visual inspection of the eigenfrequency spectra, the singular value maps, or the eigenmode amplitudes and behavior in the deep envelope does not necessarily imply preservation of the transported-solution subspace. The spillover measure provides a much clearer indicator. This approach provides explicit quantitative diagnostics for assessing the reliability of strongly nonadiabatic pulsation calculations in AGB/post-AGB stellar envelopes.

We revisit the Affleck-Dine curvaton scenario in the framework of supersymmetry, taking Q-ball formation into account. In this scenario, a scalar field carrying baryon number, namely the Affleck-Dine field, generates both the curvature perturbations and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. However, correlated baryon isocurvature perturbations are inevitably generated, resulting in excessively large correlated matter isocurvature perturbations. We propose a mechanism to suppress them, in which the correlated baryon isocurvature perturbations are canceled by anti-correlated dark matter isocurvature perturbations, thereby realizing compensated isocurvature perturbations. We show that the scenario can simultaneously account for the baryon asymmetry and the observed curvature perturbations of the Universe without generating excessively large matter isocurvature perturbations.

We expand the Einstein-Hilbert action to cubic order about the Schwarzschild horizon, in the even Regge-Wheeler gauge of the Gaddam-Groenenboom-'t~Hooft (GGV) near-horizon framework, and derive the cubic graviton self-interaction. Our central result is a `vanishing theorem': at leading soft order the self-coupling of the purely traceless longitudinal polarizations is identically zero, because with the trace/transverse-scalar sector switched off the fluctuation reduces to a two-dimensional block whose $\sqrt{-g}\,R$ is a total (Euler) derivative at every order in $κ$. We prove this by an explicit closed-form reduction and exhibit the cancellation term by term. It is a `framework-specific' statement, even RW gauge, GGV sector, leading soft order, not a gauge-invariant theorem of general relativity. The theorem is exact, but the quantized vertex inherits a $\sim\!20\%$ soft/scheme systematic at the only simulable multiplet ($\ell=2$), which we state explicitly. We then simulate the real-time dynamics of the resulting Hamiltonian on IBM Qiskit/Aer with exact cross-checks. Two structural facts, a conserved charge that only the cubic vertex violates, opening $φφ\to hh\to4φ$, and a provably resonance-free boost spectrum (gap $\to1/2$), already predict that the longitudinal channel is perturbatively rigid; the simulation confirms this quantitatively and measures the residual dressing ($d_{\rm eff}=1.06$; multiplicity far from thermal, Poisson, and Haar references) rather than discovering it. A symmetry-exact total-occupation truncation yields the first sector-resolved level statistics, indicative of intermediate behaviour on Hilbert spaces too small to be decisive. All circuit results agree with exact diagonalization, every headline number carries a stated systematic, and hardware execution is deferred behind a quantified noise budget.

We investigate how the particle spin modulates chaos bound violations in Lorentz-violating black hole spacetimes within the framework of Bumblebee gravity. By analyzing spinning charged particles in static spherically symmetric (A)dS black holes, we reveal the roles of spin--curvature coupling, Lorentz symmetry breaking, and the cosmological constant in shaping chaotic dynamics. The results show that the spin provides a fine-tuning mechanism for the chaos bound violation by modifying the critical angular momentum threshold, allowing particles with larger spin to access the violation regime at lower angular momenta. The Lorentz-violating parameter suppresses the violations by narrowing the allowed parameter region and reducing the critical charge. Meanwhile, the cosmological constant exhibits a dual influence: a more negative cosmological constant decreases the parameter region of violation while enhancing the violation magnitude for configurations that remain beyond the bound. These findings demonstrate that the spin and Lorentz symmetry breaking effects jointly modify the relationship between orbital instability and horizon properties.

We present the Web--Halo Model Peak--Background Split (WHM-PBS), an analytic theory in which the large-scale bias of a dark-matter halo is inherited from its cosmic-web environment. Building on the Web--Halo Model, we use the Shen \textit{et al.} moving barriers for ellipsoidal collapse generating the web hierarchy in which every halo sits inside a host filament, itself inside a sheet. Combined with the peak--background split, this picture replaces the deterministic bias--mass relation $b(M_h)$ with the bias of the host environment, averaged over the conditional mass function. As a result, halo bias $b(M_h)$ is no longer a number but a strongly skewed \emph{distribution}. In this work we make use of this distribution in three different ways: as (i) a physically motivated prior on bias relations, (ii) a prediction on halo stochasticity, and (iii) a framework for assembly bias models. Regarding (i) we find that the density bias relations $b_2(b_1)$ and $b_3(b_1)$ stay tight, while the tidal bias $b_{s^2}(b_1)$ shows significant scatter, as found in $N$-body simulations. Regarding (ii), once including halo exclusion, our model reproduces the super- to sub-Poisson shot-noise trend of Baldauf \textit{et al.} which we convert into a prior band on the EFT stochasticity amplitude parameters. Finally, regarding (iii) in the density sector it explains the bias--concentration--correlation inversion of Paranjape \textit{et al.} at the characteristic mass ($M_\mathrm{h}\simeq1.7\times10^{13}\,h^{-1}\Msun$), with no parameter tuned to assembly bias.

Observed ring-like structures in protoplanetary disks are often interpreted as local pressure maxima, which induce efficient dust concentration. We revisit this paradigm, considering the effect of the large-scale magnetic field stresses on the gas rotation speed. Our simulations show that the magnetic field can be dynamically strong and cause $1-2$% deviation from the Keplerian rotation at the periphery of a typical turbulent disk with dust grains of size $> 1\,μ$m. This effect increases the inward drift speed of large grains characterized by Stokes number of $0.01-0.1$ by up to two times in our simulations. Importantly, such MHD deviation from the Keplerian rotation does not depend on the local gas pressure gradient and leads to drift towards the star only. The fast drift induced by this effect can cancel out the outward drift caused by the positive pressure gradient at the inner edge of a ring and open up the dust trap. For the disks with turbulence parameter $α=10^{-3}$, this effect appears in the rings with a half-width of $10$ au and a density contrast up to $60$% ($200$% for $α=10^{-2}$). Thus, the presence of a large-scale magnetic field in protoplanetary disks either completely prevents or imposes stricter conditions for dust accumulation and the onset of the streaming instability in the density rings in protoplanetary disks.

CMB observations from ground-based observatories are limited in sensitivity by the fluctuating emission from the Earth's atmosphere, mostly due to water vapor inhomogeneities. Even in atmospheric windows, this spurious signal remains the major source of contamination of the data. Traditional mitigation techniques include low-frequency filtering, or for polarization measurements specifically, modulation with a rotating half-wave plate. The first method filters out a significant fraction of the target cosmological signal while the second leaves residuals due to imperfections, temperature to polarization leakage, or polarized atmospheric emission. In this work, we present a new data analysis framework, based on estimation of atmosphere emission templates using a multi-frequency focal plane. The core novelty of this setup is to have detectors dedicated to atmosphere monitoring, allowing for removing atmospheric contamination with time-domain component separation techniques. We introduce a multipole-dependent atmospheric decontamination factor $A^\mathrm{atm}_\ell$ to quantify the relative reduction of the atmospheric contamination angular power spectrum achievable with this approach. We demonstrate that this decontamination factor scales as the inverse of the survey time and that, using that criterion, our component separation pipeline can outperform a classical filter-bin map-making pipeline by a factor of 4000 for $30\le \ell \le 300$.

We investigate gravitational lensing by compact objects embedded in anisotropic Bianchi-I cosmologies using directional Jacobi maps within the thin-lens approximation. The formalism is developed for a general diagonal Bianchi-I spacetime and specialized to the Kasner solution as an analytically tractable background. Using the Ellis--Bronnikov wormhole and the Schwarzschild black hole as representative lenses, we derive anisotropic lens equations, characteristic axis-aligned lensing scales, and the corresponding critical curves. We show that the directional splitting of the characteristic scales depends on the complete source--lens--observer optical propagation and provides a geometric probe of anisotropic expansion independent of the overall lens scale. By contrast, the exact critical curves exhibit a much weaker deformation, indicating that characteristic-scale splitting and critical-curve morphology probe distinct aspects of the lens mapping. The comparison between wormhole and black-hole lenses further reveals that identical anisotropic backgrounds are filtered differently by distinct weak-field deflection laws. These results provide a simple framework for disentangling cosmological anisotropy from the local geometry of compact lenses.

Recent results demonstrate that there exists a sharp, Page-like transition for the complexity of subsystems of Haar-random states as their fractional subsystem size surpasses one half. They further demonstrate that this transition also occurs for the holographic complexity of boundary subregions of eternal AdS black holes, assuming the Complexity$=$Volume (CV) proposal for subregions. We interpret this transition as a crossover from spectrum-dominated to basis-dominated subsystem complexity, reflecting the breakdown of approximate thermality beyond half-system size. We then apply this reasoning to an evaporating AdS black hole coupled to a bath, modeled by a quantum circuit undergoing random evolution on an interior subsystem of diminishing size. Using the basis-spectrum decomposition of subsystem complexity, we argue for a similar Page-like transition in the radiation complexity. We then show, using CV for subregions, that the same transition appears in the holographic complexity of the radiation subsystem through the emergence of an island, whose volume gives the dominant contribution. We argue that the island volume contribution resolves an apparent complexity paradox analogous to the information paradox.

We generalize the quasi-isotropic solution of the Einstein equations near a cosmological initial singularity to models with a varying speed of light and/or a varying gravitational 'constant'. We construct a formal asymptotic series expansion in a synchronous reference system, taking into account the additional degrees of freedom introduced by the two varying 'constants'. By applying the Landau-Lifshitz quasi-isotropic method, we go beyond the standard results of previous studies that based on the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model, providing a more general asymptotic analysis of varying speed of light cosmologies. We show that the resulting solutions do not contain the required number of arbitrary functions to qualify as general solutions of these theories.

We derive which-path decoherence for matter-wave interferometry that arises from tracing out the gravitons of linearized quantum gravity. Because the gravitons are driven linearly by the matter source, the branch-dependent evolution can be solved exactly, and the reduced coherence is given by the characteristic function of the initial graviton state, evaluated at the difference of the branch-induced field displacements. In vacuum, the decoherence exponent equals half the mean number of gravitons radiated by the difference source. For a smooth Gaussian trajectory, it reduces to $Γ_{\rm vac}=(8/15)\,Gm^2d^4/(\hbar c^5τ^4)$, ranging from $10^{-89}$ to $10^{-61}$ across representative matter-wave platforms. For a general squeezed graviton vacuum, we obtain an exact expression in which squeezing either suppresses or enhances the vacuum response, depending on the squeezing phase. For the strongly squeezed state produced by inflation, this expression reduces to $Γ_{\rm inf}=(π/20)\,Ω_{\rm inf}(md^2H_0/\hbar)^2$ and reaches at most $\sim10^{-27}$ for optimistic parameters. Hence, the which-path decoherence induced by radiative gravitons is therefore negligible in current matter-wave interferometers.

We investigate how, in a highly constrained system such as a four-dimensional diffeomorphism-invariant theory with vanishing bulk Hamiltonian and non-trivial interactions between the metric and additional degrees of freedom, transient excited states--called Glauber-Sudarshan states--can be constructed over supersymmetric minima. These states are generically non-supersymmetric and, although they are not minima of any potential, they admit positive-energy metric configurations that effectively mimic four-dimensional quasi-de Sitter backgrounds. We analyze how such states differ from conventional coherent states by studying their time evolution both in the canonical formalism--via boundary Hamiltonians--and in the in-in path-integral framework through Schwinger-Keldysh contours. We also examine the consistency of the construction across three complementary descriptions: the 1PI effective action, the Wilsonian (or exact renormalization group) effective action, and the Picard-Lefschetz (Lefschetz-thimble) decomposition of the Schwinger-Keldysh path integral, which provides the trans-series organization of the theory. In the presence of gauge-fixing and ghost sectors, we show that the dynamics of these transient configurations are governed by a nontrivial bootstrap relation that simultaneously constrains their behavior near supersymmetric Minkowski vacua and along quasi-de Sitter-like trajectories. Finally, we examine the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, the notion of time in the presence of transient excited states, and the emergence of the bulk Schrodinger equation. We further show that these states admit a natural structural interpretation analogous to the vertex operators that arise in the two-dimensional world-sheet formulation of string theory.

Flavor-current correlators are studied in strongly-coupled dense (holographic) matter, at finite quark chemical potential $μ_q$ and finite isospin asymmetry. The non-Abelian hydrodynamic description of the charged currents is derived in the presence of an isospin chemical potential $μ_3$. The two-point correlators of charged currents are then computed holographically at finite quark and isospin chemical potentials. In the near-extremal hydrodynamic regime, $ω, k, T, μ_3 \ll μ\equiv \sqrt{μ_q^2+μ_3^2}$, relevant for cold strongly coupled matter, the IR properties of the correlators are studied. It is shown that in this regime, the correlators agree with the non-Abelian hydrodynamic predictions. Therefore, the traditional regime of validity of standard hydrodynamics extends beyond $ω, k \ll T \ll μ$ to the so-called extended hydrodynamic regime $T\ll ω, k \ll μ$. The holographic product formula is applied to the present non-Abelian system, and is used to propose an extended hydrodynamic approximation capturing both hydrodynamic-like poles and the leading effect of AdS$_2$ poles, by resumming the low-$ω$ logarithms. The results are verified through a detailed numerical analysis of the exact correlators and quasi-normal mode spectrum.

The question of angular momentum transport by magnetic fields has recently been revived by the detection of magnetic fields in the deep interior of red giant stars. We aim at characterizing the efficiency of the transport of angular momentum and chemical elements in a stellar radiative zone subject to the magneto-rotational instability, in situations where hydrodynamical instabilities are not triggered. We use a large set of zero-net flux shearing-box simulations modelling a portion of a stellar radiative zone located close to the equatorial region. The shear is imposed in the direction of gravity, mimicking a radial differential rotation and rotation is perpendicular to gravity. We aim at establishing scaling laws between the transport efficiency and key parameters such as stratification and rotation. We obtain simulations where the MRI is triggered on the self-consistently built longitudinal field and then produces a state of self-sustained turbulence that we associate with dynamo action. We find that in the parameter range explored, both rotation and stable stratification strongly affect the vertical transport of angular momentum which is always dominated by the Maxwell stress component. In a similar way, we find that the transport of chemical composition is even more strongly affected by the stratification but less severely by rotation. Scaling laws are established and tentative extrapolations to stellar values are discussed. Transport by the stratified MRI dynamo is very promising to reconcile stellar evolution models and asteroseismic inversions of internal rotation rates of stars.

The standard "no-go theorem" against late-time solutions to the Hubble tension is essentially a normalization wall, since Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements constrain the product $H_0r_d$, with $r_d$ the sound horizon at baryon drag. However, late-time solutions (which keep $r_d$ fixed) are tightly constrained not only by the BAO normalization $H_0r_d$, but also by the shape of the expansion history, i.e. the dimensionless expansion rate $E(z) \equiv H(z)/H_0$. We show that, if $r_d$ and the acoustic angular scale $θ_s$ are fixed, an increase in $H_0$ needs to be matched by an equal fractional increase in the dimensionless distance integral $I \equiv \int dz/E(z)$: $δH_0/H_0 \simeq δI/I$. We use this to quantify the "shape wall" set by relative distance constraints on $E(z)$, which we reconstruct nonparametrically, using Gaussian Processes and the latest unanchored Type Ia Supernovae (SNeIa) and BAO data. In our most conservative analysis using PantheonPlus SNeIa and DESI DR2 BAO data, we find a maximum fractional increase in $H_0$ of $\lesssim 2\%$, falling well short of the $\gtrsim 8\%$ required to solve the tension. This shape wall holds even in the presence of early-time new physics, and limits the maximum increase in $H_0$ which can be contributed by late-time modifications to $E(z)$ at fixed $θ_s$. Therefore, late-time modifications, whether invoked alone or alongside early-time new physics, face not only the well-known normalization wall, but also a stringent percent-level shape wall.

Extended bodies in general relativity do not necessarily fall along geodesics, but can be accelerated. These accelerations depend on an object's angular momentum, as well as on its quadrupole, octupole, and higher-order moments. However, these multipole moments can evolve differently from one body to another. Different bodies can thus fall differently, even with identical initial data. This paper examines how octupole moments contribute to the non-universality of free-fall in general relativity. We begin by showing that in arbitrary vacuum spacetimes, only the trace-free component of an octupole moment can affect an object's motion. It follows that at least 16 out of 40 octupole components decouple from the laws of motion. Then, we obtain two decompositions for trace-free octupole moments, one in terms of a timelike frame vector and the other in terms of a null tetrad. These decompositions are applied to motion both in generic Newtonian spacetimes and in fully-relativistic vacuum spacetimes that are of Petrov type D. In Newtonian spacetimes, the mass moments are shown to have their ordinary Newtonian effects, while the momentum moments determine a body's hidden momentum---the misalignment between its momentum and its velocity. In Petrov type D spacetimes (such as Kerr), we show that some torques that are impossible with quadrupole moments are possible with octupole moments. Octupole moments can thus have qualitatively-different effects from quadrupole moments.

We propose a relational bundle-geometric formulation of the gravitational path integral by invoking the new tool of quantum reference frames (QRFs), which in gravity are gauge-covariant coordinate systems constructed from the available field content. Formulated in terms of relational (frame-dressed) observables, this yields a manifestly gauge-invariant path integral without ghosts and anomalies, and in which observables and their correlators are local to a frame. While eliminating the need for gauge fixing, it is equivalent to Faddeev-Popov versions in which the QRF is gauge-fixed, recovering certain previous proposals. A key feature is its covariance under QRF changes: it is a perspective-neutral path integral which encodes all internal QRF perspectives and the transformations between them. This leads to several qualitative predictions: local correlators and time evolution of relational observables in one QRF perspective become fuzzy in another, and a new spectrum of relational vacua arises. Comprised of frame-dependent no-boundary and asymptotic ground states, a vacuum from one perspective appears generally excited in another. Finally, we construct gauge-invariant, yet frame-dependent effective actions by coupling sources exclusively to relational observables, setting the stage for a relational definition of renormalization.

We investigate the Hilbert space structure for simple theories of gravity with $Λ>0$ on closed spatial sections. Our motivation ties to the presence of gravitational saddles in four-dimensional $Λ>0$ Einstein-Maxwell theory with $S^2\times Σ_h$ topology, where $Σ_h$ is a genus-$h$ Riemann surface. Here, as a concrete starting point, the problem is explored for two-dimensional $Λ>0$ quantum gravity. We revisit and elaborate on exact results in the matrix model literature. We study gravitational wavefunctions from both the perspective of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation and the gravitational path integral. Though simple, the setting displays many features of general interest such as large volume effects that disrupt the perturbative expansion, topological corrections to the path-integral wavefunction that offend the exact Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and a sphere path integral ${Z}^{(0)}_{\text{grav}}$ with non-trivial structure in $Λ$. We discuss candidate inner products for the infinite-dimensional canonical gravitational Hilbert space uncovered by Lian and Zuckerman. By establishing explicit results up to genus-six, we argue that the dominant contribution to the genus-$h$ gravitational disk path integral at large spatial size mimics the behavior of two-dimensional topological gravity. In passing, we show that for ${Z}^{(0)}_{\text{grav}}$ to give rise to a positive counting problem for discretised Riemann surfaces, it must have a negative pre-factor. We contrast our analysis to the more realistic case of timelike Liouville theory.

I argue that dimensional analysis can appropriately be thought of as a gauge theory. This picture naturally leads to the usual quantity calculus through inherent properties of Lie groups, Lie algebras, and representation theory. The gauge theory interpretation is perhaps strongest for non-constant units. I explain how Stevens's classification of scales of measurement can be understood by choices of different gauge groups. Finally, I reinterpret and rephrase the Buckingham-Π Theorem in a way that also applies to typical gauge theories. Counting the number of ''Π''s becomes a well-known problem of invariant theory.

We find a system of differential equations on an initial data surface whose solutions are in bijection with unit vector fields on the Einstein $Λ$-vacuum development that are proportional to a Killing vector. We refer to these conditions as the \textit{unit Killing initial data} (uKID) equations, analogous to the classical \textit{Killing initial data} (KID) equations. The uKID equations can be useful in a setting where only the unit-normalized part of the Killing vector is geometrically distinguished. We eliminate the scaling degree of freedom of a general Killing vector to obtain the space-time equations characterizing unit normalized Killing vector fields and also the uKID equations. These equations are also prolonged to canonical connection form, showing their finite type character. Finally, we obtain an independent derivation of the uKID equations by revisiting the propagation identity method, which has previously been used to characterize the initial data of other geometric equations.

Binary lens microlensing events in which the source crosses a caustic produce sharp, distinctive magnification peaks and can therefore be readily identified. In this paper, we explore the importance of binary orbital motion for the binary lens caustic crossing cross section. If the orbital timescale of the binary system is smaller than the Einstein ring crossing timescale, the caustics sweep out a larger area in the source plane, generally enhancing the cross section. We find that face-on binaries in circular orbits exhibit a substantial increase (up to 4$\times$) in the cross section for caustic crossings. However, highly inclined orbits produce a net decrease relative to a static face-on binary with the same semi-major axis. Using a sample of ~$2800$ synthetic binary microlensing events drawn from a realistic Milky Way population-synthesis model, we calculate the average change in the caustic crossing cross section for individual systems with and without orbital motion. Although orbital motion can significantly alter the cross section for specific geometries, we find that, when averaged over the full population, it produces only a small, negligible increase of ~$0.1\%$ in the average cross section. We also compute the overall rate of caustic crossing binary events in the simulated sample and find that, with sufficiently dense photometric sampling, $6.3 \pm 0.2\%$ of microlensing events with impact parameter $u_0 < 1$ should exhibit caustic crossings. This rate depends on the distributions of binary separation, mass ratio, and multiplicity of stars and compact objects, and can therefore be used to test our understanding of these underlying properties.

We define doubling conditions for measured Lorentzian length spaces in terms of chronological diamonds, and prove that such conditions are implied by suitable timelike curvature bounds. In particular, for the first time, we relate doubling to curvature bounds in Lorentzian geometry. As a consequence, we obtain compactness results for Lorentzian generalized cones with respect to the Lorentzian Gromov--Hausdorff convergence introduced by Mondino--Sämann.