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Coronal jets are highly dynamic phenomena in the solar atmosphere, yet their driving mechanisms remain an active topic of investigation. In this paper, we report a coronal jet triggered by the interaction between super-penumbral fibrils and a mini-filament, based on coordinated observations from the New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), the Chinese H$α$ Solar Explorer (CHASE), and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The fibrils were anchored between the negative-polarity region of a sunspot and an emerging positive-polarity region associated with a moving magnetic feature (MMF). As the positive polarity migrated outward, the fibrils elongated and interacted with the mini-filament, one of whose footpoints was rooted in pre-existing negative-polarity fields. Intense brightenings at the interaction site, together with changes in the connectivity of the mini-filament footpoint from the pre-existing negative polarity to the sunspot, indicate the occurrence of magnetic reconnection. The event produced a narrow hot jet accompanied by a broader cool component. The cool plasma exhibited a clockwise rotation, providing evidence for the transfer of magnetic twist during reconnection. Persistent magnetic flux cancellation was observed before and during the jet eruption. These observations demonstrate that small-scale magnetic structures, such as MMFs, can significantly influence mini-filament eruptions and highlight the important role of flux cancellation in triggering coronal jet activity.

The recent gravitational-wave detection GW250114 by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration provides unprecedented precision for testing general relativity (GR) through black hole ringdowns. In this study, we provide the first bounds on theory-agnostic deviations from the Teukolsky equation as described by the beyond-Teukolsky formalism. It directly connects deviations in the perturbation equations on the level of the effective potential in the Teukolsky equation with changes in the quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum. We incorporate information on the final mass and spin from a full LVK inspiral-merger-ringdown analysis as parametrized priors in our analysis, reflecting theoretical uncertainties. Using publicly available LVK posterior information on agnostic damped sinusoid parameters, we then demonstrate how much beyond-Teukolsky potentials can be constrained. The high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) allows us to avoid the expensive full Bayesian analysis of all parameters and to work directly with a simplified likelihood for the fundamental QNM only. This strategy is promising for future events with even higher SNR and allows, in principle, for a quick and simple test of theories beyond GR without performing the full data analysis procedure. We report that current bounds on deviation parameters are in agreement with the Teukolsky equation.

We present a timing-based framework for interpreting braking-index measurements in young pulsars using a four-channel spin-down model that includes particle-wind, magnetic-dipole, mass-quadrupole, and current-quadrupole torques. The observed braking index is a torque-weighted average of the channel exponents, enabling equation-of-state-independent constraints on the torque fraction of a possible r-mode-like current-quadrupole component from timing data alone. For positive, slowly varying secular torques, the allowed range is (1\le n_{\rm obs}\le 7), with (f_{7,\min}=\max[0,(n_{\rm obs}-5)/2]) and (f_{7,\max}^{\rm phys}=\min{1,\max[0,(n_{\rm obs}-1)/6]}). These bounds rely on non-negative, slowly evolving torque coefficients; if these assumptions fail, a large braking index need not uniquely indicate a current-quadrupole torque. Applied to young pulsars with measured braking indices, the analysis shows that most sources do not require gravitational-wave spin-down and are consistent with wind-plus-dipole braking. Sources with (3<n_{\rm obs}<5) require an additional higher-order contribution, but timing alone cannot identify it uniquely as an r-mode torque. PSR~J0537$-$6910 is the most suggestive case: its large inter-glitch braking index approaches the (n\simeq7) limit and is consistent, within the restricted secular model, with a strong current-quadrupole-like contribution. However, vortex-creep and superfluid-recovery effects may produce similar inter-glitch behaviour without gravitational-wave emission. We also derive stellar-model-dependent r-mode amplitude bounds, braking-index-corrected ages, and continuous-wave ranking metrics for current and future detectors, including the reduced sensitivity expected for glitch-limited semi-coherent searches.

The superradiant instability of rotating black holes can generate a significant overdensity of bosonic matter around them, together forming a gravitational atom. This mechanism allows one to probe a large part of the parameter space of scalars, axions and vectors that lies beyond the reach of traditional detection strategies. Modelling the dynamics of these systems in binaries is, however, subtle, due to the competing nature of the different perturbations. In this work, we provide a robust scheme to treat these perturbations, including both the minimal set of internal ones (relativistic corrections and self-gravity) and the external tidal field. Within the worldline effective field theory framework, we then calculate the Love numbers of gravitational atoms, for the first time also for the most interesting case of spinning clouds. Certain spinning states are found to have \textit{negative} (static) Love numbers, with a magnitude parametrically enhanced relative to the scaling for the non-spinning states -- in phenomenologically relevant scenarios by a factor $\mathcal{O}(10^2\text{--}10^3)$. Finally, we consider the binary evolution in the early inspiral, assessing the impact of the competing perturbations on \textit{shifted resonances}. This dynamical picture allows us to identify at which stages the permanent multipoles are the strongest indicators of new light bosons, and at which the induced ones take over, while keeping track of both types of finite-size effects even during the resonance. More broadly, our results demonstrate that gravitational atoms are a useful toy model for studying the theoretical aspects of tidal response in gravitational-wave physics.

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) launches in less than a decade; it will detect spinning high-mass-ratio binary black hole inspirals annually, alongside other third-generation gravitational wave detectors. High-mass-ratio systems occupy a regime where numerical-relativity simulations remain computationally expensive and technically demanding, especially with high spins at precessing orientations. This portion of parameter space thus remains undersampled, leading to significant bias in parameter estimation. We must close these gaps. Here we report key progress in Dendro-GR toward reducing the computational cost of high-mass-ratio binaries with spin. We evolve the first Dendro-GR binaries at mass ratio $q=24$ (nonspinning) and at $q=12$ with spins up to $χ=0.8$ on both black holes, spanning various configurations. These proof-of-concept runs show strong evidence that Dendro-GR can simulate in this regime and beyond. The simulations generate accurate gravitational waveforms through multipole modes up to $\ell=8$, remain stable, keep constraint violations low and largely constant, conserve horizon mass, and have high computational efficiency with relatively low wall-hour cost. These results establish our starting line for systematic exploration of the high-mass-ratio, high-spin binary black hole systems that are needed for gravitational wave analysis.

In this work, we investigate the effect of chaotic orbits on the extreme mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) gravitational wave signals where the central black hole is corrected by quantum conformal anomaly. We utilize the numerical kludge method to compute gravitational waveforms produced by the compact object along different orbital trajectories, and also derive the corresponding frequency distribution and energy spectra of gravitational waves. Our calculations reveal that variations in orbital energy or anomaly coefficient drive the orbital evolution from regular integrable motion to chaotic motion, and such dynamical transition leaves clear imprints on gravitational-wave signal. Specifically, gravitational waves originating from chaotic orbits feature pronounced irregular and time-varying amplitude fluctuations, accompanied by abundant fine spectral spikes and extended continuous spectral distributions in both frequency and energy domains, which differ drastically from the gravitational radiation generated by the regular non-chaotic orbits. Moreover, we evaluate the detectability by comparing the calculated characteristic strain of gravitational waves emitted by the compact object on different orbits with the sensitivity curves of future space-based GW detectors, including LISA, Taiji and TianQin. The results demonstrate that these detectors are capable of capturing gravitational-wave signals from chaotic systems modified by conformal anomalies, which provide a potential pathway for detecting conformal anomaly correction in astronomical observation.

This paper addresses the important problem of estimating the noise spectral density of next-generation gravitational-wave detectors, such as LISA and the Einstein Telescope (ET), where cross-channel correlations must be accounted for to avoid biased parameter estimation of gravitational-wave signals. Unlike approaches that estimate test-mass and optical-metrology-system noise separately at the single-link level and then map them to the Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) channels through known transfer functions, we develop a Bayesian nonparametric method that directly estimates the spectral density matrix of the XYZ channels, thereby accommodating additional sources of uncertainty. Our approach combines a flexible matrix-gamma process prior on the matrix-valued coefficients of a Bernstein polynomial basis expansion with a blocked multivariate Whittle likelihood. The prior guarantees Hermitian positive definiteness of the spectral estimate at every frequency. To avoid reversible-jump methods, we use an adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for posterior sampling. The proposed framework can also be used to correct misspecified parametric noise models. Results from a simulation study and simulated correlated-noise data for both LISA and ET demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Solar Energetic Particles from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (few GeV) energies constitute an important contributor to the characterization of the space environment. Emitted from the Sun they are associated with solar flares and shock waves driven by Coronal Mass Ejections. This review presents important recent results of the study of Interplanetary CMEs and shocks in relation to energetic particle acceleration and transport, taking advantage of multi-point, multi-instrument observations available by a fleet of spacecraft in the heliosphere. In particular, the Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe pioneering missions providing unprecedented measurements of energetic particles in the near-Sun environment offer promising insights into several unresolved questions particularly regarding the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration and transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere and their relative contributions.

eROSITA (extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) on board the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) spacecraft has performed the eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS) at X-ray energies. We study the brighter stars to assess the impact of optical loading in the eROSITA all-sky survey, here specifically the eRASS:3. Further we use thermal plasma models to investigate the general properties of stellar eRASS sources and compare optical loading affected stars to coronal sources. We compare data from Gaia DR3, Tycho-2, 2MASS and the SIMBAD database with the eRASS count rates of brighter stars. We analyze X-ray images, light curves and spectra for sources suspected to be affected by optical loading and determine their properties. eROSITA source properties are checked in comparison to genuine coronal sources with generated sets of APEC model spectra, where we determine rate conversion factors and hardness ratios for stellar X-ray emitter. Regarding optical loading we find a clear correlation between optical brightness and observed minimum count rate in the range of about 2\,--\,5 mag (V/G band), which then saturates for very bright sources. While magnitude and color are the main determinants, exposure depth and specific scanning paths also matter. For intrinsic X-ray emitters, optical contamination is likewise observed. We characterize the fake X-ray sources, address pseudo variability and spectral properties. To interpret stellar eRASS data, hardness ratios and count rate conversions for thermal plasma models are provided. The eROSITA data is prone to optical loading, which was studied in greater detail. The optical loading flag for the DR2 is set, if sources are brighter than 5.0~mag (B, V, G) or 3.5~mag (J). It is somewhat dependent on exposure depth, but we expect only minor changes for future data releases.

From April 10, 2024 to November 18, 2025 Advanced Virgo participated in the fourth observing run of the network of gravitational-wave detectors, together with Advanced LIGO and KAGRA. For this observing run Advanced Virgo has completed its design optical configuration with the installation of a signal recycling mirror. In this paper we describe the challenges encountered in commissioning this optical configuration, alongside the other upgrades performed between the third and fourth observing run. The Virgo detector operated with a 68.9% duty cycle and with an angle-averaged median range to binary neutron star mergers of 53 Mpc.

Indirect searches for particle dark matter with gamma-ray experiments have produced a large number of constraints on the annihilation cross section (or decay lifetime) over a wide range of dark matter masses. These constraints depend critically on the assumed astrophysical $J$ factor and its uncertainty, which encodes the dark matter distribution in the target and represents the dominant source of systematic uncertainty. As improved observational data and dynamical modeling are expected to revise current $J$-factor determinations, many published limits risk becoming obsolete unless the full experimental analyses are repeated. In this work we present a general and statistically consistent framework for updating published dark matter limits when revised $J$-factor estimates become available, without requiring access to the full experimental likelihood. We derive an analytical expression that quantifies the impact of astrophysical uncertainties on dark matter limits, treating both Gaussian and log-normal priors on the $J$ factor. The formalism is validated through toy Monte Carlo simulations, including dedicated studies of its numerical stability under successive reinterpretations, and demonstrate their accuracy by reproducing published limits. Lastly, we further show that the formalism naturally extends to the combination of multiple targets through a simple numerical procedure, allowing limits to be combined and updated using only publicly available information. The proposed method is intended as a complementary reinterpretation tool for situations in which a complete experimental reanalysis is impractical, offering a practical means to preserve and extend the scientific relevance of published dark matter constraints across present and future experiments.

The Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX) is a radio interferometer array that is being deployed at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) Square Kilometer Array (SKA) site in South Africa. Mapping the southern sky, its aim is to observe neutral hydrogen (HI) through intensity mapping (IM) across the redshift range of 0.78-2.55. The observation of HI makes it possible to tomographically probe large cosmological volumes, enabling constraints on, for example, the dark energy equation of state. Systematics are a significant concern in deriving cosmological constraints from HI IM due to the presence of strong foreground signals. Instrumental effects such as dish surface deviations and feed placement errors need to be carefully controlled and monitored to preserve the sensitivity of HIRAX's redundant array configuration. These instrumental systematics cause bright foreground power to leak into the faint cosmological signal. The 6 m parabolic dishes are made from fiberglass with an embedded aluminum mesh that acts as the reflector. The feed is held in place at the prime focus (f/D = 0.21) by four fiberglass legs. This paper presents the dish surface and feed placement precision of the first 28 dishes, derived from photogrammetry metrology measurements taken during the dish fabrication, as well as from measurements in the field. While surface deviations are predominantly well within requirements, feed placement satisfies all accuracy criteria but fails precision limits; however, precision is expected to improve with a larger sample size. These results establish a baseline for modeling primary beam effects, ultimately enabling the characterization and mitigation of systematic errors in the HI IM signal with the full HIRAX array.

Universal relations provide a particularly useful way to extract physical information from neutron star observables in the presence of various uncertainties by reducing the dependence on uncertain model parameters and microphysical inputs. In this study, we examine the oscillation frequencies of mirror dark matter admixed neutron stars using a two-fluid description, where the outer and inner fluids give rise to two distinct fundamental frequencies. We confirm that the universal relation between the mass-scaled fundamental frequency of the outer-fluid-led mode and the stellar compactness, established previously for self-interacting dark matter admixed neutron stars, also holds in the mirror dark matter scenario. However, this universal relation becomes less robust when metric perturbations are included, compared with the corresponding results in the Cowling approximation. We further find that the inner-fluid-led fundamental frequency can also be expressed as a compactness-dependent relation that is largely independent of the normal matter equation of state, provided that the dark matter mass fraction is fixed. These results suggest that the simultaneous detection of the two fundamental frequencies could provide a way to constrain the dark matter mass fraction, even when the equation of state of normal matter remains uncertain. Finally, we find that the Cowling approximation estimates the fundamental frequency associated with the outer fluid with an accuracy comparable to that found for standard neutron stars without dark matter, while it performs even better for the frequency associated with the inner fluid.

We present an updated galaxy catalog based on the Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) Galaxy Candidates table, augmented with both spectroscopic and machine-learning based photometric redshift estimates. While the original catalog of Gaia DR3 galaxy candidates provides an unprecedented all-sky sample of extragalactic sources, its scientific utility for extragalactic and cosmological studies has been limited by the absence of redshift information and by its relatively low source purity. To address these limitations, we cross-match the catalog of Gaia DR3 galaxy candidates with existing spectroscopic redshift catalogs including DESI, SDSS, 2MRS, and NED. For sources without spectroscopic measurements, we compute photometric redshifts using a Multiple-Bin Regression Neural Network (MBRNN) machine-learning model. The input features for this model are drawn from a newly constructed multiwavelength catalog that combines Gaia DR3 measurements with 2MASS and unWISE photometry, as well as shape parameters, QSO classification flags, and extinction values. The model is trained and validated using the spectroscopic subsample. As a result, spectroscopic redshifts are assigned to 24.5\% of the catalog sources, while photometric redshifts are provided for the remaining objects. The MBRNN model achieves improved redshift accuracy and precision compared to previously published photometric redshift estimates based on Gaia data alone. In addition to redshift values, we provide a score quantifying the likelihood that a given source represents a statistical outlier. The resulting catalog significantly enhances the scientific value of the Gaia DR3 galaxy candidates sample and provides a valuable resource for large-scale extragalactic and cosmological studies.

The tidal deformability of a compact object is encoded in a single function of frequency, the retarded Green's function relating the induced multipole to the applied tide. Causality, reality, passivity, and the high-frequency conditions required for a positive-measure dispersion representation allow this response to be rescaled into a holomorphic self-map of the upper complex frequency half-plane. Using the Schwarz--Pick theorem, already employed to derive the quantum chaos bound in black hole physics, we provide a bound on the rate of the tidal response with respect to the frequency. For a neutron star the dynamical Love number is bounded in terms of the static one and of the frequency of the first internal mode, with the single-mode ($f$-mode) model saturating the bound. For a black hole, the bound gives information on the dissipative tidal-heating coefficient.

In general relativity, the motion of a test mass around a rotating black hole is described by Kerr geodesics. Owing to the symmetries of the Kerr spacetime, these geodesics possess four constants of motion, rendering the associated Hamiltonian system integrable. This integrability underlies much of the analytical framework used to model asymmetric-mass-ratio inspirals, key sources for future gravitational-wave detectors. Real compact bodies, however, are not test masses: their internal structure couples to the background curvature. In this work, we show that a non-spinning body endowed with a tidally induced quadrupole admits no deformation of the geodesic Carter constant that remains conserved, for generic tidal couplings and generic Kerr spin. Consequently, the leading-order tidal dynamics is generically non-integrable. The proof is analytic and relies on two key ingredients: a covariant Hamiltonian formulation of tidal dynamics on the same phase space as the geodesic problem, valid in arbitrary background spacetimes, and a novel relation between curvature tidal scalars and the geodesic Carter constant derived from the algebraic and Killing symmetries of Kerr spacetime. We complement this result with numerical diagnostics of the tidally perturbed dynamics, including Poincaré sections, Lyapunov exponents, and escape-time maps. These reveal chaotic structures in phase space, such as stochastic layers, sensitivity to initial conditions, and fractal basin boundaries, consistently with the analytic non-integrability result.

In this work we solve the coupled Einstein-Dirac-Maxwell (EDM) system for static spherically symmetric configurations of two fermions in a singlet spinor state within the $3+1$ formalism of general relativity. We find different families of stationary self-gravitating solutions for the Dirac field through a numerical shooting method for different values of the electric charge parameter q. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the charge q on the binding energy, mass, radius, and compactness of the solutions. We show that gravitationally bound configurations exist only for $q<m$, with m the mass of the Dirac field, and that the mass frequency relation exhibits the characteristic spiral structure previously found for bosonic fields of spin $s=0$ and $s=1$. We are able to show that some of these gravitationally bound configurations have a compactness comparable to that of neutron stars. With these results, we conclude that at least at the classical level, self-gravitating fields with different spins $s=0,1/2,1$ share some common characteristics when they are coupled to gravity. As has been previously shown for the case of bosonic stars, we also find some super-critical solutions with q slightly larger than m. Such super-critical solutions correspond to configurations such that in the Newtonian regime the Coulomb repulsion overcomes the gravitational attraction, and as such they would not be expected to exist. Nevertheless, even if they do exist in the general relativistic case for a limited range of values of $q>m$, we find that they are always gravitationally unbound.

HARMONI is the integral field spectrograph for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). Designed as the primary workhorse near-infrared spectrograph of the ELT, it will deliver spatially resolved spectroscopy at diffraction-limited angular resolution over the wavelength range 0.75 - 2.4 um, addressing science questions ranging from the characterization of exoplanet atmospheres to the internal kinematics of galaxies at the epoch of reionization. This paper presents the current status of the HARMONI project following its recent rescope, describing the new instrument architecture, its key subsystems, and the three adaptive optics modes (Single Conjugate AO (SCAO), Multi-Conjugate AO (MCAO) provided by MORFEO, and High Contrast AO (HCAO)). We present the top-level technical specifications and the expected on-sky performance in terms of Strehl ratio, PSF FWHM, sky coverage, sensitivity, and astrometric accuracy. We describe the new project organization, with a new leadership and Project Management Office (PMO), and provide an update on the project schedule and the path toward instrument delivery.

We investigate non-thermal particle production during first-order phase transitions in the presence of ultra-relativistic thick bubble walls with non-trivial internal structure. Extending the framework of bubble-expansion particle production, we consider bubble walls containing multiple ripples and study how such spatial modulations affect the production of heavy particles coupled to the order parameter field. By modeling an oscillatory thick-wall profile, we derive the transition probability for particle splitting processes in the wall background, and identify a new contribution associated with momentum transfer from the wall microstructure. In addition to the conventional channel, we find an enhanced production mode arising from resonant momentum exchange with the ripples. For sufficiently large numbers of ripples, the new contribution can dominate the production rate and significantly increase the abundance of particles much heavier than the phase-transition scale. Our results demonstrate that the internal structure of expanding bubble walls can play an important role in particle production and should be taken into account when assessing the cosmological implications of strongly first-order phase transitions.

Whether parity symmetry was violated in the early universe remains one of the fundamental open questions in cosmology. If so, it may leave an intrinsic handedness in the large-scale matter distribution. Here we formulate a helicity-based estimator to measure this handedness. Using cosmological simulations with parity-violating initial conditions, we show that it survives nonlinear structure formation. Applying the estimator to density fields reconstructed from the SDSS DR7 galaxy catalog, we find mild deviations but statistically insignificant evidence for parity violation in the local universe. Our results establish the intrinsic handedness of the matter distribution as an observable relic of primordial parity violation, enabling a direct probe with current and future large-scale structure surveys.

The gravitational waveform generated by the scattering of two nonspinning bodies is computed in the frequency domain in the extreme-mass-ratio limit at the eighth post-Minkowskian (PM) order (i.e., $O(G^8)$, or six-loop) and at the fractional sixth post-Newtonian (PN) order. Previous results at $O(G^4)$ are completed here by computing the 5PM radiated angular momentum as well as the 6PM radiation-reacted scattering angle. Up to that order the waveform is expressed in terms of few master integrals, with integrands bilinear in (modified) Bessel functions, leading to iterated Bessel functions which can be in turn expressed in terms of Meijer G functions. Starting from $O(G^5)$ (four-loop) the structure of Fourier integrals becomes quite involved. In fact, there are several new families of master integrals, which can be shown to satisfy inhomogeneous Bessel equations with master integrals of lower order as sources. Although limited to the first order in the mass ratio, the results presented here significantly improve the accuracy of the scattering waveform, currently known at the one-loop level from quantum-amplitude-based computations or at the two-loop level (but with 2PN accuracy only) by using the multipolar-post-Minkowskian formalism.

Stellar orbits are key for probing the environment of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center, Sagittarius A$^*$. So far, the mass around SgrA$^*$ has been assumed to be spherically distributed. However, the extended mass may instead be flattened, creating disk-like structures. We investigate the effects that a thin disk structure would have on stars at the Galactic Center, focusing on star S2 and S301 and the clockwise stellar disk. We derive analytically the acceleration exerted by a disk with power law density $Σ\propto r^{-γ}$. We use this acceleration to compute the osculating equations and the variations of the orbital elements, showing how the latter depend on the orientation of the disk with respect to the orbital plane. We find that the disk structure induces a secular shift in the semi-latus rectum, an extra in-plane precession and an out-of-plane precession. The former is neither present at the low-order post Newtonian description that we use for the black hole, nor when a spherical mass distribution is considered. The latter can be competitive with the Lense-Thirring precession induced by the spin of SgrA$^*$ on S301 motion, depending on the mass, the radial extent and the orientation of the disk. Since the Lense-Thirring precession is negligible in S2 motion, the out-of-plane precession can be used to place upper limits on the non luminous mass of disk-like structures at the Galactic Center. The limits might significantly differ from those obtained for spherical distributions and depend on the disk parameters. These results highlight the importance of constraining disk-like structures when using stellar orbits to probe the central black hole, in particular its spin. Once mass estimates are at hand, one can quantify the disk's effect on S301 motion and the resulting degeneracy with a future measurement of SgrA$^*$ spin.

21cm global signal observations present a unique set of calibration challenges owing to the absolute character of the required measurement. Since differential measurements on the sky cannot be used for observing the global signal, typically a number of calibration sources with differing noise temperatures and source impedances are used to determine the four noise parameters and the power gain of the amplification chain. Because of the broadband nature of the measurement, the antenna impedance varies with frequency in a manner different from the calibration sources, so that the simplest three-way Dicke switching strategy is not adequate. We present a self-contained and explicit derivation of the calibration equations and reconcile expressions from the early global 21cm observation literature with the results obtained following the amplifier noise representation formalism commonly used in the electrical engineering literature. We also present a condition in terms of Möbius geometry on the complex $Γ$- (or $Z$-) plane defining the choice of calibration source impedances required.

The Fanaroff-Riley (FR) dichotomy observed in extragalactic radio jets has been attributed to a range of possible mechanisms, including intrinsic jet properties such as the presence of different species in the plasma. Jet material may span from a pure electron-positron pair plasma to mixed plasmas containing electrons, positrons, and protons, or even to hadronic jets made up of electrons and protons only. To investigate this aspect, we present results from three-dimensional simulations of low-power, supersonic, magnetized jets at kiloparsec scales in a magnetohydrodynamic framework. By varying the plasma composition, we show its impact on jet stability and on the development of diffuse structures typical of core-brightened FR type I sources. Our results indicate that the growth of non-axisymmetric instabilities plays a key role in disrupting the jet head.

Photometric redshifts are essential for large-scale structure analyses, yet extracting optimal point estimates and reliability measures from the probability distribution functions (PDZs) delivered by photo-$z$ pipelines remains an open challenge. We introduce turboPDZ, a machine-learning framework that optimizes both quantities directly from the PDZ. We apply the framework to PDZs from the three independent HSC-SSP PDR3 pipelines (DEmP, DNNz, Mizuki) across Wide and DUD layers. Each PDZ is compressed via PCA and combined with summary descriptors; a multilayer perceptron, optimized with Optuna under a composite objective, produces the optimized point estimate $z_{\rm ml}$. A second network, trained in log-space and calibrated, yields the uncertainty $σ_{\rm ml}$, from which the reliability score $r_{\rm ml}$ is derived via percentile ranking. $z_{\rm ml}$ outperforms the catalog $z_{\rm best}$ in $σ_{\rm NMAD}$ and $η_{0.15}$ across all six pipeline-layer combinations. $r_{\rm ml}$ filters galaxies more efficiently than the catalog risk and confidence indicators, as measured by the area under the $σ_{\rm NMAD}$ and $η_{0.15}$ versus retained-fraction curves. For Mizuki, the template-fitting pipeline, the catalog indicators fail dramatically, with AUC values up to ten times larger than those of $r_{\rm ml}$, whereas $r_{\rm ml}$ correctly identifies unreliable objects across all redshift regimes. Feature-importance analysis reveals complementary patterns: point estimation is dominated by PCA components and location statistics, while reliability estimation depends on PCA components and peak statistics. The pipeline is survey-independent, publicly available at https://github.com/valerio-marra/turboPDZ, and trained models plus optimized quantities are released as a value-added catalog.

Thin-shell wormholes built from effective black hole geometries are sensitive not only to the lapse function but also to the choice of areal radius. We construct a reflection-symmetric thin-shell wormhole from the positive-lapse sector of a polymer black hole surrounded by Kiselev-type quintessence and keep the nonareal angular function throughout the junction, stability, thermodynamic, and optical analyses. The Israel junction conditions give a negative surface energy density for every static throat on the positive branch, while the tangential null and intrinsic strong energy combinations are controlled by the local lapse slope. The radial dynamics is written as an effective-potential problem in which the nonareal sector produces a momentum-flux term and modifies the local stability criterion for surface equations of state with explicit radius dependence. For the sampled calibrated configurations, the linear barotropic and variable phantomlike closures remain locally unstable, whereas the variable Chaplygin gas admits finite linear radial stability windows. The same geometric correction also modifies the local first-law balance and shell entropy bookkeeping, while the optical analysis shows that cross-throat propagation generates additional inner image branches despite the wormhole and black hole geometries sharing the same exterior critical curve. These results identify how polymer corrections and a quintessence environment jointly reorganize the matter content, radial response, thermodynamic bookkeeping, and optical appearance of the resulting thin-shell wormhole.

Detecting the global 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization requires calibration accuracy far below the level of astrophysical foregrounds. REACH models its receiver using the noise wave formalism, with five frequency-dependent low-noise amplifier parameters fitted jointly to multiple calibration sources. We identify a numerical instability in this Bayesian calibration pipeline: the condition number of the posterior covariance matrix reaches $κ(\mathbf{V}^*) \sim 10^{9}$--$10^{11}$, making solutions non-reproducible across computing environments. Singular value decomposition shows that the instability is driven by near-collinearity between the design-matrix columns associated with the excess noise source temperature, $X_\mathrm{NS}$, and the load temperature, $X_\mathrm{L}$. Using a Chebyshev basis, we develop a two-step mitigation. First, fixing $T_\mathrm{NS}$ to a scalar removes the degeneracy and reduces $κ(\mathbf{V}^*)$ to $\sim 60$. Second, to retain frequency dependence, we recover $T_\mathrm{NS}(ν)$ directly from the hot-load calibration measurement. On mock data, this method preserves the stability of the reduced model while achieving comparable calibration accuracy. Masking narrow channels around cable standing-wave degeneracies further removes local artefacts in the design matrix. These steps provide a stable, reproducible, and data-driven calibration procedure. Because the $X_\mathrm{NS}$--$X_\mathrm{L}$ degeneracy is inherent to the noise wave formalism, the method is relevant to other global 21-cm experiments.

Main sequence stellar evolution models were computed together with solution of the equations of atomic diffusion for 16 elements from hydrogen to nickel. The grid of evolutionary tracks comprises the models with stellar masses ranged from 1.4 to $2.5M_\odot$ computed for initial helium and metal abundances $Y=0.28$ and $Z=0.02$, respectively. The calculations were done for the mass loss rates $10^{-15}M_\odot/\textrm{yr}\le\dot M\le 10^{-12}M_\odot/\textrm{yr}$ as well as for $\dot M=0$. The high superficial abundance of iron in Am stars is shown to be due to the radiative acceleration acting on the atoms of iron. The significantly smaller absorption coefficient of calcium is responsible for its gravitational settling and accumulation above its opacity maximum at $T\sim 10^6\:\textrm{K}$. Recover of the superficial calcium abundance is due to plunge of the outer convection zone bottom to layers with its excessive abundance. A significant role in the evolutionary variations of superficial abundances of chemical elements belongs to the intermediate convection zone arising for the first $\lesssim 300$ Myr due to accumulation of the atoms of iron and nickel in the layers with temperature $T\sim 2\times 10^5\:\textrm{K}$. In stars with mass $M\le 1.9M_\odot$ both the outer and intermediate convection zones merge due to evolutionary descend of the bottom of the outer convection zone so that overabundant iron and nickel are transported to the outer layers by convection. The merging of the convective zones is responsible for considerable variations of superficial abundances of calcium and iron with duration ranging from a quarter to a half of the main--sequence lifetime depending on the stellar mass. Therefore, Am stars as well as slowly rotating nonmagnetic A main--sequence stars have the common origin, whereas appearance of their chemical anomalies depend of the stellar mass and age.

We present an extension of \texttt{PyBird} for one-loop large-scale structure analyses of modified gravity models. We implement support for quasi-static, Vainshtein-screened luminal Horndeski models (in EFTofDE and covariant formalisms) and nDGP, and replace the Green's function approach with a direct ODE method for computing the exact time-dependent functions entering the perturbation kernels. The new implementation improves computational efficiency while maintaining numerical consistency with the standard approach, and we validate the resulting one-loop matter power spectrum against $N$-body simulations for the $α_i\proptoΩ_{\rm DE}$ parametrization. We apply this framework to constrain the $α_i \propto a^3$ and $α_i \propto Ω_{\rm DE}$ parametrizations using Planck CMB, BOSS full-shape, and DESI DR2 BAO data, finding that full-shape information significantly tightens the constraints. We further showcase the pipeline for the cubic Galileon and nDGP models, demonstrating its applicability beyond the phenomenological amplitude parametrizations to covariant modified-gravity theories. Finally, we assess the impact of the Einstein--de Sitter approximation and find that exact time dependence can be retained at modest computational cost, which may become relevant for future large-scale structure surveys.

We consider the necessary and sufficient conditions for the smooth matching of an expanding McVittie spacetime and a spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) spacetime across a general hypersurface - that is, a hypersurface of arbitrary causal character, where the character possibly changes from point to point. We identify a number of special cases, and determine some no-go results. In the general case, we show that the full set of matching conditions is equivalent to a 3-dimensional non-linear system of first order ODEs, subject to a single initial value constraint. Taking the perspective that the McVittie region is specified, we prove a semi-global existence result for this system and interpret these solutions in terms of the physical set-up. Solutions exist and are unique globally to the future. In this direction, the required FLRW spacetime exists and is unique and the matching hypersurface exists almost everywhere and is unique. To the past, the matching hypersurface extends to meet the past singularity of the McVittie region. We determine the causal character of the matching hypersurface in these limits, and consider the implications for the existence (or otherwise) of an isotropic source of the McVittie cosmological black hole spacetime. We find that generically, the matching hypersurface has spacelike as well as timelike portions, and so the isotropic region cannot be considered to be an interior for the McVittie exterior. This is in distinction to the Oppenheimer-Snyder model, in which an isotropic dust sphere matches across an everywhere-timelike boundary to the Schwarzschild exterior. On the basis of the sometimes-spacelike nature of the hypersurface, we conclude that an isotropic source of the McVittie spacetime does not exist in a global sense.

Under the collisionless cold dark matter (CDM) paradigm, galaxies with stellar masses below 10**(5-6) Msun are expected to preserve primordial cuspy dark matter (DM) profiles. Because baryonic feedback should be too weak to transform cusps into cores at these masses, such galaxies provide especially sensitive tests of DM physics. If cores are observed in these systems, they could indicate departures from CDM. To address this problem, Sanchez Almeida et al. (2025) introduced the Eddington Inversion Method tool (EIM-tool), a photometry-based diagnostic that avoids the need for long-term spectroscopic observations and is suitable for the analysis of the forthcoming large photometric surveys of galaxies. The method relies on the fact that embedding a stellar distribution with a central core inside a cuspy NFW halo can require a negative phase-space distribution function f, which is physically impossible. By fitting observed stellar surface densities using f as a free parameter, EIM-tool tests whether an assumed gravitational potential is physically consistent with an observed stellar distribution. This paper validates EIM-tool using globular clusters, dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), and numerical simulations with independently known potentials. Applied to 21 globular clusters, the method rejected NFW cusps in 71\% of cases while consistently favoring cored Schuster-Plummer models, accurately recovering expected core radii. Applied to dSphs, EIM-tool reproduced conclusions from classical dynamical studies: Sculptor and Fornax favored cored halos, whereas Draco remained compatible with a cusp. Tests on EDGE and FIRE simulations further showed that the tool reliably rejects cuspy NFW profiles when the true DM distribution is core-like. Overall, these results establish EIM-tool as a robust and efficient photometric method for distinguishing cored and cuspy DM halos.

Kerr black-hole quasinormal modes are usually computed with numerical methods, but analytic approximations remain useful for identifying the physics that controls different parts of the spectrum. In this paper, we ask whether the divergent, high-order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) expansion about the peak of the Chandrasekhar-Detweiler potential can be made predictive through Padé and Borel-Padé resummation. We develop two complementary implementations: a semi-analytic slow-rotation expansion in the dimensionless spin $a$ (carried out through 21th WKB order), and a fixed-spin Padé-WKB implementation for the resummed frequency equation (carried out through 41st WKB order). In the slow-rotation regime, the 21th-order resummed expansion is significantly more accurate than the fourth-order approximation found previously. For damped modes at larger spins, the fixed-point iteration agrees well with Leaver's method, reaching fractional errors below $10^{-7}$ in the real part of the fundamental $m=0$ mode at $a=0.99$. The same strategy fails for modes that approach the zero-damped branch near extremality. We trace this breakdown to the near-horizon structure of the Chandrasekhar-Detweiler potential. As the extremal limit is approached, nearby poles produce rapid variation on the throat scale, so a local Taylor expansion about the potential peak no longer uniformly captures the relevant region.

The Teukolsky equation possesses discrete symmetries that constrain the properties of black hole perturbations and their quasinormal mode spectrum. In this study, we explore how a class of modifications of the Teukolsky potential can alter the symmetry structure of the equation and break the m = 0 degeneracy of quasinormal modes. We prove this result in frequency domain using the master Teukolsky equation and in time domain via (2+1)-dimensional simulations. We also show that the discrete symmetries can be leveraged for a more efficient characterization of the m = 0 quasinormal modes from time-domain evolutions. As a theory-specific application, we consider the case of higher-derivative theories of gravity, highlighting that time-domain implementations of frequency-domain potentials can give rise to additional non-physical branches of modes.

The growth of primordial perturbations during the matter-dominated era is primarily driven by dark matter. Ultralight scalar fields (ULDM) are a promising candidate for this role, conventionally modeled as operating in a classical, high-occupation regime. In this work, we develop a first-principles field-theoretic framework to investigate the impact of ULDM on linear cosmological perturbations during matter domination, explicitly retaining its quantum nature. Deriving a closed equation for the graviton field dynamics, we compute and regularize its source terms for a generic Gaussian initial state of the ULDM field within the adiabatic (WKB) approximation, employing the middle-point working assumption for non-local terms. After gauge-fixing we find that, contrary to previous claims, the classical condensate of ULDM has no influence on gravitational wave propagation. However, the time-dependent graviton effective mass induced by quantum pressure of the squeezed state can drive parametric resonance in specific primordial gravitational wave modes. We demonstrate this growth is negligible for non-relativistic ULDM at matter-radiation equality under the assumption of a power-law squeezing spectrum for masses in the range $m \sim 10^{-21}{-}10^{-24}$ eV.

We discuss lattice methods for the simulation of fluid dynamics in the early Universe. This review represents a third entry in the monographic series on lattice cosmology techniques~\cite{Figueroa:2020rrl,Baeza-Ballesteros:2025tme}, which previously covered canonical and non-canonical field theory dynamics. Here, we first review the continuum theory of fluid dynamics in flat spacetime, and then in an FLRW background. We consider conservation and non-conservation forms of the equations of motion for fluids in isolation or coupled to scalar and/or gauge fields, and either fully relativistic or subrelativistic regimes of fluid bulk motion. After reviewing basic lattice concepts, we introduce detailed discretization schemes for fluid dynamics in expanding backgrounds for: $i)$ isolated perfect fluids, $ii)$ isolated imperfect (viscous) fluids, $iii)$ fluids coupled to gauge fields, and $iv)$ fluids coupled to scalar fields. Our evolution algorithms accommodate self-consistent expansion sourced by all scalar, gauge, and fluid sectors, preserving gauge invariance to machine precision in some cases. We also review lattice methods to set up the initial conditions for fluids, and the implementation of gravitational wave dynamics sourced by all scalar, gauge, and fluid degrees of freedom. This document represents the theoretical basis for the scalar-gauge-fluid module that will be publicly released as part of ${\mathcal C}{\tt osmo}{\mathcal L}{\tt attice}~{\tt v3.0}$ after publication of this monograph, check http://www.cosmolattice.com for updates.

We propose a new estimator for the ionized gas--matter power spectrum, which correlates the kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (kSZ) field with the line-of-sight velocity field and the weak-lensing convergence map. Analogously to the standard stacked kSZ estimator, this estimator factorizes into a calibratable velocity kernel multiplying the matter--electron cross-power spectrum, $P_{me}(k)$. Because the estimator accesses $P_{me}(k)$ for the full matter distribution rather than around a specific biased tracer as is the case with the standard stacked kSZ estimator, it allows us to determine the baryonic suppression of the matter power spectrum, $S(k)$, one of the dominant astrophysical systematics for Stage-IV cosmic shear. We derive and validate an analytical expression for the estimator against simulations, finding percent-level agreement. Due to its parity structure, contributions from cosmic microwave background (CMB) foregrounds cancel. Using a realistic CMB temperature map with Simons Observatory-like noise and beam, a smoothed velocity field as obtained via linear velocity reconstruction applied to DESI-like luminous red galaxies (LRGs), and LSST-like sources at high redshifts, which suppresses the effect of intrinsic alignments and boost factors, we forecast a $16σ$ measurement over $f_{\rm sky}=0.2$ (corresponding to 1\% measurement of $S(k)$), establishing our estimator as a readily measurable target for current surveys, e.g., LSST and \textit{Euclid}. Because the signal-to-noise is dominated by CMB noise rather than lensing depth, we expect a detection already at $\sim10σ$ with early LSST data releases. Substantial (factor of 2) gains in signal-to-noise are expected with Advanced Simons Observatory. While here we focus on DESI-like LRGs as the foreground sample, lower-redshift samples provide an even wider array of source samples in the background.

We numerically study the outcome of symmetry breaking motivated by Grand Unified models. Our results show the formation of biased domain walls for a range of parameters together with magnetic monopoles. The interactions of walls and monopoles leads to novel processes such as the absorption of monopoles on walls, production of monopoles when domain walls annihilate, collapse of walls with magnetic charge that can, with gravity taken into account, produce magnetically charged black holes, and production of a stochastic gravitational wave background from biased domain walls. Our findings open new avenues for probing the grand unification epoch by cosmological observables.

We investigate the cosmological imprints of massive fields during inflation through primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG). When these fields are sufficiently light, they produce a signal in galaxy clustering, $\propto f_{\rm NL,Δ}k^{Δ-2}$ with $Δ\in(0,3/2]$, corresponding to a beyond-local PNG contribution to the scale-dependent bias. We use the angular correlation function to constrain $f_{\rm NL,Δ}$ and $Δ$ using imaging data used for the targeting of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). For the most aggressive systematics treatment, there is no evidence for local PNG, hence no constraint on $Δ$. However, when considering a less aggressive treatment, a hint is found with $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}=27^{+10}_{-9}$, consistent with previous analyses. For beyond-local PNG, that signal gives a preference for $f_{\rm NL, Δ}=5.12^{+6.13}_{-3.62}\times10^{3}$ and $Δ=0.91^{+0.25}_{-0.19}$. This preference is not robust under decontamination choices, likely driven by residual systematics, and we present it as a showcase for future constraints. Additionally, we forecast the sensitivity of upcoming Stage-V surveys, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST), the MUltiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST), and the Spectroscopic Stage 5 Experiment (Spec-S5), to constrain $Δ$ using Lyman-break galaxies. Around the local limit, $Δ^{\rm fid}=0$, we find that they can reach uncertainties of $σ(Δ)\simeq0.17-0.50$, depending on the survey, for a fiducial $f_{\rm NL,Δ}^{\rm fid}=4$. The constraining power on $Δ$ increases as we increase $f_{\rm NL,Δ}^{\rm fid}$ and decreases for larger fiducial $Δ$. Finally, we derive a relation between the detectability of $Δ$ and the local PNG constraints, $σ(f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc})$. This provides a tool to estimate the survey sensitivity required to resolve massive-field signatures.

Recent cosmological analyses combining high-redshift cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements with low-redshift baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data have reported a preference for dynamical dark energy, with the cosmological constant scenario ($Λ$CDM) disfavored at the $\sim 3σ$ level. These analyses, however, typically rely on large-scale CMB polarization measurements to constrain the optical depth to reionization $τ_{\rm reio}\sim 0.06$, raising the question of whether potential systematics in this dataset could influence the inferred cosmological preference. Excluding large-scale polarization data substantially weakens the tension with $Λ$CDM to the $\lesssim 2σ$ level, nevertheless at a price of increasing $τ_{\rm reio}$ significantly to $\sim 0.09$. Here, we use a physically motivated Gompertzian reionization framework to perform a self-consistent Bayesian analysis combining CMB (excluding large-scale polarization data), BAO, and independent measurements of the neutral hydrogen fraction evolution from quasar damping wing observations and dark pixel constraints. We derive $τ_{\rm reio} = 0.067 \pm 0.011$, in good agreement with cosmological analyses that would include large-scale CMB polarization data, while the inferred reionization history is consistent with multiple observational constraints. Our analysis recovers a preference for dynamical dark energy at the $\gtrapprox2σ$ level. These results demonstrate that astrophysical probes of reionization independently recover the optical depth required by CMB polarization measurements, suggesting that potential systematics in large-scale polarization alone are unlikely to fully explain the emerging preference for dynamical dark energy.

We construct a linearly stable scalar-field model that realizes both an upward crossing of the dark-energy equation of state, from $w_{\rm DE}<-1$ to $w_{\rm DE}>-1$, and weakened gravitational clustering in the cold dark matter (CDM) sector. An exponential potential breaks shift symmetry and drives the background from a stable phantom phase toward the nonphantom regime, while a pure momentum-transfer interaction increases the dynamical inertia of CDM without altering its background dilution law. We derive the background and linear perturbation equations and establish the no-ghost and Laplacian-stability conditions. For perturbations deep inside the Hubble radius, where the quasi-static approximation applies, the effective gravitational coupling for CDM can fall below Newton's constant, suppressing late-time growth and small-scale matter power, while the baryonic coupling remains enhanced by Galileon braiding. A modified CLASS calculation, including the scalar-field perturbation and the full Boltzmann hierarchies, reveals signatures of transient braiding around radiation--matter equality. For the representative stable solutions studied here, these signatures include an enhancement of matter power toward the lowest wavenumbers probed numerically and a reduction of CMB temperature power over the multipole range $2\leq\ell\leq30$. We also find small shifts in the acoustic scale and the position of the first temperature peak. These results motivate a full likelihood analysis of the model.

Relational quantum causal processes formulate finite operational contexts as normal positive functionals on local completely positive maps. Response differences generate an influence algebra, and its central projections define jointly readable Boolean events. We develop this starting point through a sequence of exact and controlled models. Fresh-environment unitary collision circuits produce dephasing-exchange kinetics with an exact charge-center fixed algebra, a uniform finite-step limit at fixed response order, and graph-controlled metastable Markov dynamics. An absorbing-state model exhibits a sharp transition between non-Abelian quantum memory and Boolean records. A reversal-covariant defect dynamics generates a locally finite partial order on a restricted graph family without assuming a Lyapunov time. Conditional on a certified order, a positive additive record measure, compactness, and identifiability, we prove subsequential convergence to a Lorentzian metric-measure space, finite reconstruction bounds, and uniqueness of admissible smooth limits. Complementary finite regulators provide controlled tests of modular-to-boost response, null tomography, same-update variational identities, induced quadratic gravity, and compatible common-refinement limits. These results are exact or controlled within their stated models, but they do not yet constitute a single background-independent microscopic law that jointly generates adjacency, time, volume normalization, dimension, signature, nonlinear Einstein constraints, and quantum matter. We therefore present RQCP-QG as a theorem-indexed framework that separates established mechanisms, conditional compositions, and open assumptions.

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are major drivers of heliospheric disturbances and space-weather effects. Here we present a multi-spacecraft study of 96 magnetic clouds (MCs) distributed over a broad range of heliocentric distances, and reconstruct their internal magnetic structure with a uniform-twist Gold--Hoyle (GH) flux-rope model. From the fits, we derive the axial field strength $B_0$, the twist density (turn density) $τ$, the GH parameter $ω$, and the integrated twist number $n$. We find that $B_0$ and the turn density $τ$ both decrease with increasing heliocentric distance, consistent with expansion and axial stretching during propagation. A key result is that the upper envelope in the $τ$--$R$ plane corresponds to a nearly constant boundary in the dimensionless GH parameter $ω=2πRτ$, close to $ω\sim2$. Therefore, the inferred upper value of $τ$ is not scale-independent, but follows $τ_{\max}\simeq ω_{\max}/(2πR)$ for a given flux-rope radius. In contrast, the estimated integrated turn number $n$ shows no similarly clear radial organization in the present sample. This study investigates the ICME structure and magnetic field characteristics across heliocentric distances from 0.07 to 5.4~AU, thereby providing observational constraints on the large-scale evolution of interplanetary magnetic flux ropes.

Motivated by their common condensed-matter inspiration and their shared aim of reconciling MOND-like phenomenology on galactic scales with particle dark matter on larger scales, we investigate the relation between Superfluid Dark Matter (SFDM) and Bose--Einstein Condensate Dark Matter (BECDM). Since SFDM is formulated in the Newtonian regime whereas BECDM is fully relativistic, we first show that the MONDian formulation of SFDM arises as the Newtonian, low-acceleration limit of a Relativistic AQUAdratic Lagrangian (RAQUAL) theory in the Einstein frame. We then transform its covariant interaction sector to the Jordan frame and compare it with BECDM. The phonon--baryon interaction of SFDM maps onto the BECDM derivative coupling to the Einstein tensor, supplemented by a small non-minimal coupling to the Ricci scalar. The interaction sectors are therefore equivalent up to a linear perturbation of the Einstein--Hilbert term. Their kinetic sectors, however, remain inequivalent: the standard quadratic kinetic term of BECDM cannot be mapped onto the non-analytic kinetic term required by SFDM. The two models are consequently related but not dynamically equivalent. This mapping provides a covariant interpretation of the SFDM interaction and clarifies which theoretical properties can be transferred between the two frameworks.

Photometric surveys offer a powerful way to map the large-scale structure of the Universe, but their redshift errors complicate the identification of cosmic voids, challenging studies of their environmental effect on galaxy properties. We present an approach to robustly identify dynamically relevant voids and void galaxies in galaxy mocks of the Javalambre Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey (J-PAS), testing whether known trends in void galaxy properties survive photometric redshift errors. Using FLAMINGO mocks at z = 0.3 and mi < 20, we compare a FLAMINGO-based ideal (FBI) mock to a FLAMINGO-based JP mock with J-PAS-like redshift errors. We mitigate redshift errors using a quasi-gravitational potential field in the two galaxy mocks. We apply a watershed algorithm to the thresholded quasi-potential field to identify dynamically dominant voids, and define massive void galaxies alongside a comparison sample in high-density regions. Photometric errors lead to a slightly lower void abundance and a marginal shift toward larger, less spherical voids, but overall size and ellipticity distributions agree well between mocks. Their main impact is contamination of void interiors in the JP density profiles by galaxies scattered from high-density regions. We recover a reasonable number of FBI sample voids in the JP sample, with excellent size and shape agreement, occupying ~63% of the thresholded quasi-potential volume. In both mocks, void galaxies show lower stellar masses, bluer colours, and enhanced star formation relative to equal-mass galaxies in high-density regions. These results suggest a quasi-potential can mitigate redshift errors at the level expected for J-PAS, enabling identification of reliable, dynamically dominant voids that are less sensitive to small-scale noise. The massive void galaxy population shows the expected trends relative to high-density environments.

On spin manifolds, we give a proof of Brendle and Wang's refined positive mass theorem using the Dirac operator method. In the course of this proof, we discuss the origin of the special coefficient appearing in Brendle and Wang's spectral positivity condition for scalar curvature from the perspective of spin geometry.

Axions and axion-like particles are a compelling candidate for physics beyond the standard model. While many axion searches are focused on the linear coupling to photons $θF \tilde{F}$, the possibility of a quadratic coupling to the electromagnetic kinetic term, $θ^2 F^2$, leads to novel phenomenology and new opportunities for testing axion-like particles. In this work we propose mechanisms for generating this coupling in string theory, which can be broadly classified as classical, perturbative, and non-perturbative. In benchmark examples, we find that both perturbative and non-perturbative quantum contributions such as instantons lead to couplings that are suppressed, $g \ll 1$ in units of $1/f^2$ where $f$ is axion decay constant, though easily larger than analogous coupling of the QCD axion that is generated through loops of charged pions. These analyses suggest that quadratic axion couplings to gauge fields are ubiquitous in string theory, and should be taken seriously as a probe of the string theory axiverse, both of string theory candidates for dynamical axions, such as dark matter or dark energy, and for spectroscopy of the string theory axiverse.

Chain inflation offers an alternative to standard slow-roll dynamics, with accelerated expansion proceeding through a sequence of rapid quantum tunneling events between metastable vacua. At the high energy scales relevant for the early Universe, scalar fields are generically expected to couple non-minimally to gravity via operators like $ξRφ^2$, allowed by symmetry and required as counterterms for interacting theories in curved spacetime. We study the dynamical and observational consequences of this coupling for chain inflation. We find the modifications to the model for arbitrary $ξ$ and focus on interesting phenomenology for $ξ={\cal O}( 10)$. We show that, in the Einstein frame, the non-minimal coupling induces a field-dependent amplification of the Euclidean bounce action, thus modifying the tunneling rate across the chain. We develop an analytic framework connecting this modified tunneling dynamics to the scalar spectral index, its running, the primordial curvature power spectrum, and the stochastic gravitational wave background from bubble collisions. As one consequence, the non-minimal coupling breaks the rigid relation between the scalar tilt and inflationary scale that drives the minimally coupled pure tilted cosine model to very low energies ($V_*^{1/4}\lesssim 3\,\rm{GeV}$, where $V_*$ is the value of the inflationary potential when the CMB-relevant modes exit the horizon), allowing for viable high-scale chain inflation with $V_*^{1/4}\sim 10^{11}\,\rm{GeV}$. Furthermore, non-minimally coupled chain inflation at high scales produces a peaked stochastic gravitational wave signal in the dHz-kHz bands, accessible to upcoming interferometers such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Finally, the model predicts a distinct running of the spectral index that will be testable by the Simons Observatory, making it a prime target for multi-messenger cosmology.

In general relativity, exact Liouvillian solutions for a static and spherically symmetric spacetime with a perfect fluid and the equation of state $p(r)=wρ(r)$ are known only for $w=0,-\frac{1}{6}, -\frac{1}{5}, -\frac{1}{3}, -1$. We extend this setup to Rastall's theory, presenting the relation between the Rastall parameter and the constant $w$, and deriving exact solutions that correspond to the known counterparts in general relativity, except for $w=-\frac{1}{6}$. Furthermore, we find that, when $w\neq \frac{1}{3}, -1$, there exist several types of solutions whose behavior changes depending on the choice of constants.

In this article, we use the expression of the Schwarzian derivative to set up differential equations to find answers to three fundamental questions in the context of QFT in curved spacetime, specifically in two dimensions. One of the ways in which one can derive the Unruh effect in two dimensions is to use the anomalous transformation law of the energy-momentum tensor for a CFT that involves a Schwarzian derivative (Virasoro Anomaly). We answer the following three questions. The first question is as follows: If we have a spacetime with a massless scalar field in vacuum, what are all the subsets of spacetime such that the subset has a thermal distribution of particles for the left-moving and/or right-moving sectors? We obtain a general solution to this question by setting up and solving a third-order nonlinear differential equation based on the expression of Schwarzian. Based on the general solution, we can generate various subsets of the given spacetime that have a thermal flux/density of particles, of which the Rindler spacetime is one. The second question is an inverse question in which we suppose we are given a spacetime with a thermal distribution of particles; what are the possible purifying spacetimes (the ``parent'' spacetimes with the field in vacuum state whose reduced state in the given spacetime yields the observed particle content)? We similarly obtain a general class of solutions by setting up and solving a second differential equation. In this context, we also define ``partial purification'' where we obtain a spacetime that purifies only the left-moving or right-moving sector. The third question concerns locating spacetimes with the same particle content starting from the same ``parent'' spacetime. These sibling spacetimes are generated again by obtaining the general solution of a third differential equation based on the expression of Schwarzian.

We propose a reconstructed cosmological model in the framework of $f(Q,T)$ gravity, that provides a unified description of the early- and late-time evolution of the Universe. The model exhibits a non-singular asymmetric bounce, smoothly connecting an initial contracting phase to the subsequent expanding Universe and naturally evolving into a late-time dark energy-dominated epoch. Our study focuses on the progression of the Hubble parameter, energy density, pressure, and the parameter. This analysis aims to define the various stages of cosmic evolution and explore the characteristics of dark energy. The analysis of energy conditions reveals that the essential conditions for achieving a non-singular bounce are violated. Overall, the $f(Q, T)$ gravity model, once reconstructed, effectively captures the cosmic dynamics surrounding the bounce. It offers a cohesive theoretical framework that reliably explains the Universe's evolution during both its early and late stages.

Stellar multiplicity is a possible cause for creating protoplanetary disc substructures, as tidal forces from a close-in spectroscopic companion can carve out gaps and shape disc architecture. However, in young, active systems, the radial velocity (RV) signatures are often complicated by stellar activity. We investigate RY Lup, a classical T Tauri star hosting a disc with a ~60 au cavity, where studies with Gaia astrometry and VLT/SPHERE imaging hinted at an unseen companion. Using high-resolution VLT/ESPRESSO spectra and the least-squares deconvolution (LSD) technique, we analyse RV variations over 327 days. We detect significant line profile variations with a periodic signal of ~3.75 days, aligning with prior photometric estimates. The variations are compatible with a close-in binary system at ~0.04 au and a mass ratio of q ~ 0.6. Combined analysis of RV data and ALMA dynamical mass estimates, using 13CO and 18CO, reveals a highly misaligned system. The nearly face-on binary i ~ 13 deg is misaligned to both the inner and outer discs i ~ 50 deg and ~70 deg, respectively. The derived orbital separation is compatible with the inner disc size, with the inner rim at a = 0.12 au, measured from VLTI/GRAVITY, which suggests a highly warped disc structure. Nonetheless, the short orbital period conflicts with the derived eccentricity (e ~ 0.23). To explore alternative explanations, we assess the impact of stellar spots on RV signals. While the LSD deformations can be modelled by different cool spot configurations, a 15% dispersion in retrieved v sin i values -- coupled with the lack of a significant periodic signal -- suggests that spots alone cannot explain the observed variability. As neither hypothesis is ruled out, we recommend future combined RV and interferometric monitoring to clarify the nature of the spectroscopic variability.

In this note we construct, from a gauge theory perspective, the world-line action for a particle moving on a time-like curve in Weyl geometry. The action we find is dimensionless, Weyl invariant, additive and, in general, non-local due to an open Wilson line which we have to add in order to account for a general Weyl field. In special cases, this Wilson line can be local, but the geometry becomes integrable. The action can not be used to measure the proper time as it is dimensionless and no mass parameter is allowed in the symmetric phase of the theory. We show that the usual conditions for defining proper time: affine parametrization, dimension of time and additivity supplemented by the requirement of Weyl invariance can not be fulfilled simultaneously and therefore no satisfactory notion of proper time exists in the symmetric phase. Under spontaneous symmetry breaking the particle acquires a mass, the action becomes Riemannian and the proper time can be again defined. We also construct a classically equivalent quadratic action by using an einbein on the world-line and show that the non-locality can be seen to arise from integrating out a constrained field.