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We present JWST observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2025rbs ($D=$14.5 Mpc) at +1, +23, and +84 days after B-band maximum, spanning peak light through a wavelength-dependent transition toward the nebular phase. Combined with ground-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) data, our panchromatic spectra (0.4-14 $μ$m) include the first maximum-light mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum and the earliest MIR spectroscopic sequence of an SN Ia to date. At peak light, the MIR spectrum exhibits a continuum with permitted and forbidden features, including Si II, Ni II, and early-emerging [Ni III-IV] and [Ar II-III]. By +23 days the MIR is dominated by forbidden lines with a weak continuum, and by +84 days it is fully nebular, whereas the optical/NIR spectra remain transitional. The nebular spectrum reveals strongly stratified ejecta, with stable Ni concentrated at the lowest velocities, radioactive Co at intermediate velocities but absent within ~2000 km s$^{-1}$, and Ar occupying an outer shell. We detect small-scale substructure in [Ca IV] 3.21 $μ$m with fractional amplitudes of a few percent and a characteristic velocity scale of ~800 km s$^{-1}$, which may reflect compositional structure, ionization variations, or both. Radiative-transfer calculations substantially underpredict these MIR Mg II features despite approximately reproducing the NIR Mg II 1.0927 $μ$m line, suggesting that the relative strengths of these transitions are sensitive to the treatment of Mg ionization and excitation. These observations demonstrate that MIR spectroscopy beginning near maximum light simultaneously probes the emerging inner ejecta and rapidly fading outer burning products, providing new constraints for explosion and radiative-transfer models.

For Taiji-like missions, we implement a Bayesian spectral inference framework that combines second-generation time-domain (TD) simulations of time-delay interferometry (TDI) with a frequency-domain (FD) spectral likelihood for stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) analyses. The \(X,Y,Z\) Michelson streams generated with \trianglesim{} are divided into finite segments, Fourier transformed, and modeled with a segment-dependent complex \(3\times3\) covariance matrix. For each segment we evaluate the orbit-dependent response functions and noise transfer functions, allowing unequal-arm and time-evolving effects to enter through the full \(XYZ\) covariance. Controlled simulations performed with \trianglesim{} show that the calculated functions reproduce the realization-averaged spectra at the few-percent level over the retained frequency band away from TDI nulls. We then compare parameter-estimation results for static equal-arm FD, equal-arm TD, and unequal-arm TD configurations, using in each case a full \(XYZ\)-covariance likelihood matched to the corresponding detector configuration. All three yield consistent uncertainty trends and Bayesian-evidence diagnostics for astrophysical-background recovery after marginalizing over instrumental noise and an effective Galactic double-white-dwarf foreground. Finally, in a ten-parameter model containing instrumental noise, an effective Galactic double-white-dwarf foreground, a stochastic astrophysical background, and a sound-wave spectrum from a cosmological first-order phase transition, we recover its peak amplitude and frequency and find Bayesian evidence favoring its inclusion in all three matched configurations.

X-ray observations probe the inner accretion flow within active galactic nuclei, revealing the highest gas column densities and fastest winds. The most diverse winds yet revealed with the Resolve calorimeter spectrometer aboard XRISM are found in NGC~4151, a nearby Seyfert-1 AGN that may qualify as a ``changing-look'' source (CLAGN). Herein, we report on wind variability in 14 XRISM observations of NGC~4151, summing to 0.9~Ms of exposure over a period of 395 days. We examined the dependence of key wind parameters on hardness and intensity selections, and as a function of time relative to flaring and dip events. The results suggest a globally organized but locally complex wind structure. Slow ``warm absorber'' components (WAs; $v_{\rm{out}} \sim 100-1000~\rm{km~s^{-1}}$) are always observed and likely represent failed winds at radius of $10^4 - 10^5 GM/c^2$, within the inner wall of the torus. In contrast, ``very fast'' and ``ultra-fast'' outflows (VFOs and UFOs; $v_{\rm{out}} \sim 10^3-10^4~\rm{km~s^{-1}}$, $v_{\rm{out}} \sim 0.033-0.33~c$) are strongest 10~ks after the peak of flares, and during periods with low flux. Ten kiloseconds is among the shortest flare--wind response timescales reported in an AGN, suggesting that the winds are observed close to the launching site. The absorption measure distribution (AMD) and the large outflow momentum rates suggest that the high-velocity flows visible in the Fe~K band are magnetically driven, while locally clumpy, likely owing to radiation pressure; one or both of these mechanisms may be enhanced following a flare and most visible during low-flux windows.

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are the core of pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments for nanohertz gravitational wave (GW) detection, but rare abrupt profile variations in MSPs introduce unmodeled systematic biases that degrade timing precision. We report the detection of a new abrupt profile transition event in MSP J1547-5709 from the MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array 4.5 yr data set, at MJD 59781(6). The event is characterized by an abrupt flux enhancement of the third peak component (P3) with no significant change of the phase difference between the second peak component (P2) and P3, followed by exponential decay with a characteristic timescale of τ ≈ 600 days. High-precision timing analysis reveals no significant change in the spin-down rate <inline-formula> <mml:math><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:math> </inline-formula> or abrupt time of arrival (TOA) jumps, but a clear monotonic upward drift in timing residuals postevent, tracking the profile recovery. This component-specific, mild event with a long recovery timescale places new tight constraints on local pulsar magnetospheric dynamics, and highlights the impact of unmodeled profile variation on PTA experiments.

We investigate the dynamics of test particles in a three-parameter scalarized wormhole spacetime within Einstein-scalar field theory. For spinless particles, we derive the orbital and epicyclic frequencies and compute twin-peak QPO spectra using the ER3 and ER4 resonance models. The scalar coupling parameter $g_s$ shifts the innermost stable circular orbit to larger radii and systematically modifies the characteristic 3:2 resonance condition. Extending to spinning particles via the Mathisson-Papapetrou-Dixon formalism, we find that spin-curvature coupling significantly alters the effective potential and innermost stable circular orbit parameters. The maximum physically admissible spin increases monotonically with the scalar coupling. Analysis of particle collisions near the wormhole throat reveals that both scalar coupling and relative spin orientation determine collision energetics, with anti-aligned spin configurations producing substantially higher energies. Our results suggest that the combined effects of scalar coupling and spin-curvature interaction leave distinct imprints on QPO frequencies and collision processes, potentially providing observable signatures for distinguishing scalarized wormholes from standard black holes.

The supermassive black hole at the Galactic centre, Sgr A*, is surrounded by an S cluster of young stars. These stars are predominantly B-type stars, but their origin remains uncertain. Unlike massive stars in the Galactic field, which exhibit a binary fraction of about 70%, those in the S cluster show a significantly lower fraction. It is key to understand this discrepancy for constraining their formation. We show that the binary deficit arises naturally from dynamical interactions between stellar binaries and Sgr A* in an in situ formation scenario. Using K-amplitude data, we derived an observational binary fraction of f<SUB>obs</SUB> = 0.43 ± 0.09 for the S-cluster stars. Our dynamical modelling predicts that interactions with Sgr A* cause 18% of the binaries to merge, 20% to be disrupted, and 62% to survive, yielding a theoretical binary fraction of f<SUB>theo</SUB> = 0.38 ± 0.10. The predicted binary fraction with distance from Sgr A* is also consistent with independent observational constraints. These results show that the decline in binarity towards the Galactic centre is driven by stronger tidal forces, and they support an in situ origin of the S cluster in the same event that produced the Fermi bubbles.

The redistribution of the wave feature, particle feature, and mixedness is investigated for two-qubit isotropic states in Schwarzschild spacetime under Hawking radiation and environmental decoherence. It is shown that Hawking radiation changes their relative weights among different horizon regions rather than simply suppressing them. The analysis is further extended to phase damping, phase flip, and bit flip channels. Phase damping monotonically suppresses the wave feature and enhances mixedness, phase flip produces a symmetric death-and-revival behavior of the wave feature, and bit flip mainly reshapes the particle feature and mixedness through diagonal population redistribution. However, although Hawking radiation and channel noise affect the distribution of wave feature, particle feature, and mixedness in the subsystems, the triality relation among them still holds and remains unaffected by thermal and environmental noises.

The growing number of generalized horizon entropy proposals has led to a wide variety of modified cosmological models, yet there is currently no general physical principle capable of discriminating among them. We show that the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics provides such a criterion. Considering a general modified Friedmann framework described by an arbitrary function $f(H)$ of the Hubble parameter, and allowing the apparent horizon and the cosmic fluid to evolve out of thermal equilibrium, we derive model-independent constraints on the asymptotic scaling of the horizon entropy, $S_A\propto A^k$. We find that phantom evolution requires $k\ge(3ω-1)/(2ω)$, with $ω$ the total fluid equation of state, whereas quintessence imposes the complementary upper bound. Additionally, in the exact thermal equilibrium limit, the dynamical coupling strictly enforces $k \le 2$, recovering the non-equilibrium quintessence bound. The two bounds converge to the unique value $k=2$ as the phantom divide is approached, indicating that a smooth crossing of the phantom divide is thermodynamically associated with a quadratic entropy-area scaling, where the effective theory degenerates into a logarithmic gravity framework. Applying this criterion to representative generalized entropy models shows that many commonly used proposals are constrained by the generalized second law, whereas multiparameter constructions are naturally compatible with the required asymptotic behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that the same thermodynamic selection principle extends to derivative-dependent cosmologies described by $f(H,\dot H)$, highlighting its robustness beyond entropy functionals that depend only on the horizon area.

The structure and evolution of the Milky Way (MW) can be traced with distance estimates to the evolved stellar populations in the inner galactic region. However, direct astrometric distances remain unavailable or highly uncertain for the majority of these sources due to instrumental limitations, large angular diameters, and complex variability. In this work, we develop a supervised machine-learning model to estimate statistical distances to oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars selected from the AKARI mid-infrared survey. We build an XGBoost regression model that maps multi-band IR photometry to distance using a training set of AGB stars with previously derived SED-based distances achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6% on an independent test set. Distance estimates for over 36,000 AGB sources are obtained within a 36% total error margin, greatly expanding distance coverage (0.5-20 kpc) for dust-obscured AGB populations in the Galactic plane. We find good agreement with reported distances for Galactic Mira variables and independent period-luminosity relations. Utilizing the expanded distance set, we further investigate the spatial distribution of Mira variables in the Galactic bulge and disk. Longer-period Miras preferentially trace the bulge's barred morphology compared to their shorter-period counterparts that populate the disk. We also find roughly constant, but differing, relative scale heights for the bulge and disk, with the bulge vertical dispersion about 30% larger. These findings show that IR photometry-derived statistical distances can recover large-scale Galactic structures and establish long-period Mira variables as efficient tracers of stellar populations in heavily obscured regions of the MW.

We derive the gravitational radiation generated by a localised matter source in de Sitter spacetime at octupolar order in the multipolar expansion, working in generalised harmonic gauge in the future Poincaré patch. The scalar, vector, and tensor perturbation equations are solved explicitly, taking into account the cosmological tail. This constitutes the first extension of the de Sitter multipolar expansion beyond quadrupolar order. A key technical ingredient is a universal multipole moment differentiation identity, which unifies the relations between multipole moments into a single recursive formula and enables a controlled extension to higher multipoles. Using the symmetric trace-free tensor formalism of Blanchet, Damour, and Iyer, we further develop a systematic translation of the radiative solution into a spherical harmonic basis, and apply it to both the quadrupolar and octupolar metric perturbations. This representation renders the angular structure of the radiation manifest, simplifies the verification of the linearised field equations, and facilitates direct comparison with Bondi-gauge and other perturbative treatments of de Sitter spacetime. Our results constitute a step toward a systematic ``multipolar post-de Sitter formalism''.

We discuss a mechanism for generating the baryon asymmetry in the early universe. We show that an axion-like particle can modify the related gauge field configurations in the Standard Model, thereby altering their dispersion relations. This change in the Chern-Simons number can source a violation of baryon number. We derive the relationship between the resulting baryon number and the evolution of the axion background. We estimate the baryon asymmetry produced via this mechanism and show that the observed value can be naturally achieved. We also show that axion photon coupling produces Cosmic Microwave Background spectral distortion. Our results show that the resulting distortion approaches a constant at low frequencies, unlike the conventional y-type and $μ$-type distortions.

Polarization signatures across emission line features, together with their temporal evolution, offer a powerful probe of the circumstellar environments of astrophysical sources, on spatial scales otherwise inaccessible to direct imaging techniques. However, the photon-hungry nature of spectro-polarimetry has significantly limited the availability of such datasets in the literature. This work reports a multi-epoch spectro-polarimetric monitoring campaign targeting a sample of Herbig Ae/Be and classical Be stars. The initial observations were obtained during the commissioning and performance-verification phase of ProtoPol, a recently developed medium-resolution echelle spectro-polarimeter mounted on the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) 2.5m telescope, Mt Abu, India. Given the limited number of comparable datasets available for this class of objects, follow-up observations of the same targets were carried out repeatedly over more than 28 months (December 2023-March 2026), enabling an investigation of the temporal behavior of their polarimetric properties. Our sample comprises 11 Herbig Ae/Be stars and 10 classical Be stars. Our observations found that, while the H$α$ polarization remained relatively constant for the classical Be stars, they showed significant variability for most of the Herbig stars in the sample. The observations presented here constitute one of the rare multi-epoch spectro-polarimetric datasets spanning more than two years and should be of considerable interest to the broader astronomical community. This paper is Part-I of a two-part series of sample studies; corresponding results for symbiotic and red giant stars are presented in Part-II.

Binary populations are closely linked to the star formation process; however, their primordial properties can be changed by subsequent dynamical interactions within their natal clusters. The aim of this study is to clarify how different primordial binary populations affect the evolution of multiplicity and the global structure of forming star clusters. We investigate the dynamical evolution of primordial binaries during star cluster formation using self-consistent Nbody/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations that follow the collapse of a molecular cloud to a star cluster. We systematically compare three star formation models: close binary (CB), wide binary (WB), and single star (SS) formation model. In CB and WB models, the multiplicity fraction decreases with time due to dynamical interactions. In particular, the fraction in the WB model drops to a level comparable to that in the SS model. The multiplicity fraction of high-mass stars is similarly high in all models, whereas only the CB model shows a relatively high fraction for low-mass stars. Due to the assumption of equal-mass binary formation, the CB and WB models exhibit an excess at q= 1 in the mass-ratio distribution, while the SS model has no clear trend. Frequent few-body interactions generate distinct stellar populations inside and outside the cluster: the multiplicity fraction within the cluster is systematically higher, while mass functions in the outside have a shallower slope. Finally, stellar density profiles in the clusters are broadly similar among all models. The primordial binary population significantly affects the final binary properties, while having only a limited impact on their host cluster structures. Our results suggest that close binaries need to form at the star formation stage to reproduce the observed multiplicity fraction of low-mass stars and the excess of equal-mass binaries.

Measuring polarization and its temporal variability in the continuum and across emission features provides a powerful probe of the small-scale circumstellar environments of astrophysical sources, on spatial scales otherwise inaccessible to direct imaging techniques. However, the photon-hungry nature of spectro-polarimetry has significantly limited the availability of such datasets in the literature. Here we present the results of a multi-epoch spectro-polarimetric survey of a sample of symbiotic and red giant stars. These observations were first conducted during the performance verification phase of a recently developed medium-resolution echelle spectro-polarimeter, named ProtoPol, mounted on the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) 2.5m telescope, Mt Abu, India. Considering the scarcity of such observing samples in the literature, the targets were re-observed over a period exceeding 26 months, from March 2024 to May 2026, in order to explore the time variability of their polarimetric measurements. Our sample comprises 6 symbiotic stars and 18 red giant stars. Our observations found that, unlike the Raman-scattered $λλ$ $6830, 7088 \textÅ$ features, the H$α$ emission in most of the symbiotics did not exhibit any notable polarization signature. However, the continuum polarization of most symbiotics and red giants in the sample showed significant variation between observation epochs. The observations presented here constitute one of the rare multi-epoch spectro-polarimetric datasets spanning more than two years and should be of considerable interest to the broader astronomical community. This paper is Part-II of a two-part series of sample studies; corresponding results for Herbig Ae/Be and classical Be stars are presented in Part-I.

Bernhard-1 is a proposed KH 15D-like circumbinary disk occultation (CBO) system, but its binary nature and disk geometry have not previously been confirmed. We present new optical and near-infrared spectroscopy together with multi-band photometric monitoring of the system. The radial velocities confirm that Bernhard-1 hosts a highly eccentric binary with $e = 0.80 \pm 0.09$, confirming that the periodic photometric variability arises from occultation by a misaligned circumbinary disk. Joint modeling of the spectra and phase-dependent spectral energy distributions yields pre-main-sequence components with masses of $\sim 1.1\,M_\odot$ and $\sim 0.8\,M_\odot$. Combining stellar isochrones with the measured lithium abundance yields a system age of $\sim$ 10 Myr. Together with the spatial, astrometric, and metallicity properties of Bernhard-1, this suggests that Bernhard-1 is probably a member of the open cluster Dolidze 42. By combining the RV orbit with a semi-transparent occultation-screen model, we infer a disk--binary mutual inclination of roughly $50^\circ$ or $130^\circ$, with the degeneracy arising from the unknown disk rotation direction. This geometric method can be applied to any CBO system once radial velocity monitoring yields an orbital solution. The new light curves deviate from earlier model predictions, consistent with ongoing disk precession, while the phase-dependent H$α$ profiles indicate pulsed accretion near periastron. Bernhard-1 therefore joins KH 15D and Bernhard-2 as a rare spectroscopically confirmed CBO system.

Neutron stars (NS) are one of the indirect detection probes for dark matter (DM). The presence of DM is known to affect the observable properties of NS. Theoretical calculations for various equations of state of a DM admixed NS lead to estimates of the DM mass in a NS of the order of $10^{-2} M_{\odot}$. On the other hand, simplistic estimates of the amount of DM that is accreted on to the NS in the Solar neighborhood, over its age, suggest that this number is of the order $10^{-14} M_{\odot}$. Various studies have addressed this non-agreement theoretically by explaining the mechanisms leading to higher fraction than expected from smooth spherically symmetric accretion. In this work, we attempt to assess the role of the dynamic DM environmental density in the Galactic halo to explain possible enhancement in DM accretion. We consider a high resolution N-body simulation and method of Voronoi tessellation to calculate local DM density around putative NS locations in a statistically representative sample of Milky Way analogues. We infer that the dynamics of substructure may enhance the DM mass in NS by about a factor 2 as compared to the baseline, spherically symmetric expectation. Environmental effects therefore cannot explain the orders of magnitude discrepancy between equation of state and accretion based estimates of DM admixed in NS.

We investigate the observable signatures of zero ADM mass warp drive spacetimes traversing Earth's atmosphere. Numerical simulations indicate that an aircraft-scale spacetime bubble moving at relativistic velocities would have a pronounced observational signature, where interaction with the atmosphere can produce luminosities exceeding one terawatt. The signature of a spacetime bubble at rest or moving at low velocity relative to the Earth would not generate such extreme luminosities. These results establish observational constraints on spacetime-based propulsion operating within the terrestrial environment and provide a framework for identifying potential high-velocity signatures. In particular, a warp drive traveling through the atmosphere at speeds exceeding approximately 10% of the speed of light would produce a unique brilliant glow.

The influence of collisional age $(A_c)$ on the alpha-to-proton temperature ratio $(T_α/T_p)$ has been explored in the past. However, the modulation of this ratio with respect to the solar cycle has remained unexplored so far. We show solar-cycle modulation of $T_α/T_p$ and $A_c$ using nearly three decades of in-situ observations from Wind spacecraft across distinct solar wind speed regimes and solar activity phases. Our results reveal that in the slow solar wind with velocity $<400$ km s$^{-1}$, where $A_c$ happens to be typically $>1$, the ratio $T_α/T_p$ stays close to unity. This suggests frequent Coulomb collisions efficiently iron out temperature differences. In contrast, the fast wind with velocity $>500$ km s$^{-1}$, where $A_c$ happens to be typically $<1$, mass-proportional heating is most pronounced, with $T_α/T_p$ often exceeding 4. The intermediate speed regime ($400$-$500$ km s$^{-1}$) represents a gradual transition between the slow and fast wind populations in terms of their solar-cycle dependence. This behavior reflects the changing dominance of high-speed streams from polar coronal holes during minima to denser slow wind during maxima. These results suggest that mass-proportional ion heating at 1 AU is not solely governed by local collisional physics but is significantly modulated by the solar cycle dependent variations in the solar wind sources.

In this work, we study photon propagation and the radiative properties of a thin accretion disk around a ModMax black hole and examine the effects of the charge $Q$ (i.e. $Q^2 = Q^2_e +Q^2_m$ is the total dyonic charge, with $Q_e$ and $Q_m$ denoting the electric and magnetic charges, respectively) and the nonlinearity parameter $v$. We determine the event-horizon, photon-sphere, and shadow radii and find that increasing $Q$ decreases these radii, whereas increasing $v$ shifts them toward their Schwarzschild values. Using the EHT shadow measurements of M87$^\star$ and Sgr~A$^\star$, together with the available mass and distance measurements, we perform an MCMC analysis to constrain the ModMax parameters. The strongest upper limits are found to be $Q<0.391$ and $v<4.153$ at the 95\% credible level. We also investigate a Novikov-Thorne thin accretion disk and generate simulated disk images using backward ray tracing. The observed flux increases with $Q$, while increasing $v$ produces a slight decrease in the disk brightness. These results show how the ModMax parameters affect the black-hole shadow and thin-disk emission and provide observational constraints on $Q$ and $v$.

Unresolved binaries are common in spectroscopic surveys, and their blended light biases the parameters inferred for them. Methods to detect them exist, but applying one to a new data release is limited mostly by operating know-how that is rarely written down. We package the double-lined spectroscopic binary decomposition of El-Badry et al. (2018b) for reuse on APOGEE spectra, with the executable operations as nine tool servers built on the Model Context Protocol (MCP) and the operating decisions as a Skill. Run over the 238,205 DR19 dwarfs under a fixed driver script, the classifier flags 41,466 SB2 candidates with median mass ratio q = 0.91, about fifteen times the 2,645 identified in DR13, though not at matched purity. The 8.1% control false-positive rate implies that close to 40% are single stars, so we release the sample as a candidate list. Refitting the individual visits confirms 68.5% of the multiply-visited SB2 and adds 519 single-lined velocity variables and 8,981 orbit-ready systems. We compare the eccentricities of the best-sampled binaries and find no significant difference between the close twins (q > 0.95) and matched non-twins, which excludes an eccentricity excess of the kind measured at wide separations. An ablation of two operating decisions illustrates that a fresh agent recovers a removed decision only when its absence leaves a measurable trace in the fit. We release the tools, the Skill, and the DR19 catalog with its multi-epoch supplement.

The effects of black hole's spin in effective field theories (EFTs) of gravity are explored through observables of wave scattering on black hole backgrounds in the geometric optics approximation. The considered observables are polarisation rotation angle, wavenumber kick (or deflection angle), and (Shapiro/Wigner--Smith) time delay, each of which are related to gravitational Faraday rotation, gravitational spin Hall effect, and infrared causality. The observables are computed from scattering amplitudes through the Magnusian formalism, where the Magnusian is promoted to a matrix to account for helicity information. It is found that (1) the gravitational spin Hall effect in EFTs of gravity are qualitatively different from that of general relativity due to "noncommutative" wavenumber kicks, and (2) black hole's spin slightly enhances the causality constraints on EFT coefficients.

Rotation and magnetism are important phenomena to consider when trying to understand stars. By shaping the structure and chemical mixing in the interior of stars, they can induce significant changes in both their fundamental and observable properties. Despite this, our theoretical picture of how rotation and magnetism evolve throughout the stellar lifecycle remains incomplete. Gaps in our understanding are particularly stark for evolved stars, where slow rotation rates and weak magnetic fields make observational studies difficult. In response to this issue, the last 20 years have seen instrumentation to probe magnetism and rotation progressing in leaps and bounds. Through these new tools we have found that evolved stars rotate in ways that we cannot predict and have magnetic fields with properties that we did not expect. In the following, I will provide a brief overview of some recent observational results and their implications for our understanding of stars. I will focus on advances in asteroseismology and high-precision spectropolarimetry, as these techniques have advanced significantly over the last few decades. In keeping with the theme of Cool Stars, I'll cover stars with low to intermediate masses and their evolution from the subgiant to the white dwarf phase.

Context. With their precisely determined physical parameters, classical Cepheids in eclipsing binary systems are often used to constrain stellar evolution and pulsation theories. To this end, their position in the HR diagram, effective temperature and luminosity, and radius are commonly used when matching best-fitting evolutionary models. However, the pulsation period of Cepheids, the most precise observable, is rarely used in such studies. Aims. We explore how including the pulsation period as a constraint in matching evolutionary models affects the best-fitting solution. As the pulsation period follows the period-mean density relation, we examine whether it provides information consistent with that based on the stellar radius. Methods. We modeled four eclipsing binary systems with Cepheids from the LMC. We used $χ^2$ minimization to find the best-matching evolutionary model from a grid of models computed with MESA. The evolutionary models are supplemented with pulsation periods computed with RSP, with nonlinear period corrections taken into account. Results. Depending on whether the radius or the pulsation period is used to select the best-fitting model, discrepant solutions are obtained. In solutions selected based on the pulsation period, the stellar radius is systematically too low compared with observations. Conversely, for solutions based on the radius, the pulsation period is systematically too long. The tension amounts to a few sigma for stars with precisely determined radii and part of it is traced to a nonlinear increase in radius for large-amplitude pulsators, which has not been studied in detail in the literature. Conclusions. When using Cepheids in eclipsing binary systems to constrain stellar models, we recommend using the pulsation period instead of the radius. A systematic study of nonlinear effects on stellar radius in large-amplitude pulsators is needed.

The spectrum of a quasar consists of a few emission lines whose wavelengths are shifted by similar redshifts and numerous absorption lines whose wavelengths are shifted by different redshifts. Hence each quasar is characterised by an emission line redshift and the absorption lines redshifts are all less than the emission line redshift. The distribution of observed absorption line redshifts ($z_{abs}$) with respect to emission line redshift ($z_{em}$) for a large sample of quasars shows a systematic trend as pointed out by \citet{2016arXiv160901593K}. They noticed that increase in $z_{em}$ is accompanied by a monotonic increase in the lowest detected value of $z_{abs}$ and inferred that the emission and absorption lines were all formed in the quasar. This study focuses on modeling the systematic trend in the observed $z_{em} \rightarrow z_{abs}$ distribution. We considered the redshift data of absorption lines of singly ionized magnesium (denoted by MgII) and triply ionized carbon (denoted by CIV) for a large sample of quasars. We find that the envelope of data points defining the lowest value of the MgII absorption line redshift (which we denote by $z_{MgIImodel}$) for a given $z_{em}$ satisfies $z_{MgIImodel} = (0.418 \pm 0.008) z_{em} - (0.482 \pm 0.02)$ with an $R^2$ value of 0.99. The model can be used to predict the lowest expected MgII absorption line redshift for any $z_{em}$. We find a similar model for the lowest expected redshift of triply ionized carbon lines for any $z_{em}$ which is $z_{CIVmodel} = 0.845 (\pm 0.0002) z_{em} - 0.153 (\pm 0.0006)$.

We consider the coordinate-dependent definition of the radiation-reaction force at the third-and-a-half post-Newtonian order for general orbits. In order to (partially) determine its expression we refer to the balance method, involving the energy and angular momentum lost by the system, the Schott terms, and the energy and angular momentum fluxes at infinity. Only the latter are gauge-invariant quantities when passing from a coordinate system to another. The gauge dependence of both radiation-reaction force and Schott terms is encoded in a set of gauge parameters entering their definitions. We show how to relate the harmonic-coordinate losses of mechanical energy and angular momentum by the system with the radial and azimuthal components of the radiation-reaction force in a different coordinate system expressed in terms of phase-space variables in a Hamiltonian framework. The advantage of this approach is that only the coordinate transformation between harmonic coordinates and coordinates and momenta in the new coordinate system is needed, without solving again the balance equations. We derive such a transformation for both Arnowitt-Deser-Misner and Effective-One-Body coordinates. In the latter case we also discuss some simplifying choices of the gauge parameters adopted in current waveform models. Finally, we show how to obtain the solution for the radiation-reaction correction to the orbit in the new coordinate system simply by transforming the harmonic-coordinate solution known in the literature. This is a remarkable simplification, since one can avoid to solve again for the radiation-reacted dynamics.

We investigate the fine-tuning of a tripartite dark matter (DM) scenario involving ultra-light primordial black holes (PBHs), whose evaporation before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis leaves Planck-mass relics and produces DM particles together with an independently produced DM component. We uniformly evaluate the parameter sensitivity required to reproduce the observed DM abundance, $Ω_{\rm DM}$. Considering thermal WIMP freeze-out, freeze-in, and QCD axion misalignment, and assuming PBHs form via collapse of perturbations following horizon entry, we find that the fine-tuning is normally dominated by the structure of the PBH relic abundance calculation rather than by the particle DM candidate or the details of PBH evaporation. In radiation-dominated cosmologies, the DM abundance is highly sensitive to the primordial curvature power spectrum because the PBH formation fraction depends exponentially on density fluctuations. Although an early PBH-dominated era dilutes pre-existing abundances and reduces the apparent tuning of the PBH abundance, inflationary fine-tuning remains required to produce the required initial large amplitude perturbations. We further examine alternative PBH formation channels, including supercooled first-order phase transitions and collapsing domain walls, and find that they replace the inflationary fine-tuning with alternative exponential sensitivities. We conclude that a natural realization of an order unity PBH relic abundance is hard to motivate.

We study static, spherically symmetric ultracompact objects in General Relativity with anisotropic stress. Using the covariant anisotropic equation of state and assuming homogeneous density, we construct a mostly analytical model admitting configurations beyond the Buchdahl limit and with compactness arbitrarily close to the black hole value. The solutions exhibit two regimes separated by a critical curve in the parameter space of compactness and anisotropy, associated with the divergence of the central pressure: regular anisotropic configurations with positive central pressure, and singular configurations with negative central pressure for arbitrary anisotropy. In the latter case, we show that introducing a thick shell removes the pressure divergence, yielding regular ultracompact gravastar configurations. We further construct both anisotropic and isotropic gravastar models using this thick-shell construction.

The properties of O-type supergiant stars remain largely unexplored. By analysing their light variations, we can unravel underlying physical phenomena, such as binarity, stellar pulsations, and rotation modes. This study aims to analyse the TESS light curves of 3 O-type supergiants to identify periodic signatures and gain deeper insights into their internal dynamics and structure. Our primary goal is to search for the presence of rotational modulation and possible evidence of Rossby waves. A period search was performed and we explored phase diagrams and searched for rotational splitting. If the observed wave frequencies were consistent with the dispersion relation of global Rossby waves, we identified them as potential signatures of this mechanism. We used a graphical method to compare the observed and predicted frequencies. The analysed stars (HD 188001, HD 192639, and HD 159952) exhibit a comparable set of frequencies. We classify most of them as g-mode oscillations (either l=1 or l=2), in agreement with the evolutionary state of the objects. In all cases, we find evidence of rotational modulation. The remaining oscillation patterns may be consistent with Rossby modes, including both tesseral and sectoral configurations. The angle of inclination of the rotation axis was estimated using stellar parameters available in the literature, together with the rotational period derived in this work. We also discuss a possible connection between the observed low-frequency waves and the red-noise component commonly observed in the periodogram of photometric time series of massive supergiants. Our results provide evidence of g-mode oscillations modulated by rotation. In addition, we find that Rossby waves may be excited in rotating O-type supergiants, which suggests that these large-scale inertial oscillations could play a role in the observed low-frequency variability of such stars.

We study periodic orbits and the associated gravitational radiation of a magnetized (uncharged) test particle carrying a magnetic dipole moment with coupling constant beta, moving in the equatorial plane of a rotating, magnetized Kerr black hole immersed in an external asymptotically uniform magnetic field, starting from the effective potential derived for such particles. We compute the marginally bound orbit (MBO) and the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) as functions of the black hole spin a and the magnetic coupling beta, and map out the allowed region of the orbital energy-angular momentum (L, E) plane for bound motion. We then classify periodic orbits using the topological zoom-whirl scheme of Levin and Perez-Giz, characterized by three integers (z,w,v) through the rational rotation number q=w+v/z, and construct a family of closed rosette orbits at fixed angular momentum. Using the numerical-kludge, restricted-quadrupole approximation for an extreme-mass-ratio inspiral consisting of a stellar-mass magnetized secondary orbiting a supermassive magnetized Kerr black hole, we compute the time-domain gravitational waveforms h_+(t), h_\times(t) produced by these periodic orbits and their frequency-domain characteristic strain, and compare the latter with the anticipated instrumental sensitivity curves of LISA, Taiji and TianQin. We find that the magnetic coupling βsystematically shifts the MBO and ISCO outward and lowers their orbital energy and angular momentum, that the zoom-whirl structure of the periodic orbits is imprinted directly on the burst-like morphology of the emitted waveform, and that the resulting gravitational-wave signals fall within the sensitivity band of upcoming space-based detectors for suitably close and massive sources.

M dwarfs are among the most promising host stars in the search for habitable exoplanets. However, their active atmospheres drive intense magnetic activity, including energetic flares and possibly coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which may pose serious threats to planetary habitability. In this study, we perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of CMEs on a fully convective M dwarf with a rotation period of 30 days, corresponding to the moderate-rotation regime. The magnetic topology driving our simulations is adopted from an exploratory global dynamo simulation of a fully convective low-mass star exhibiting a single-hemisphere magnetic configuration, which is not yet observationally confirmed. The large-scale magnetic field is mostly restricted to a single hemisphere and characterized by high-latitude polarity inversion lines (PILs), with the implication that most CMEs should originate from high latitudes. We find that these high-latitude CMEs propagate radially and away from the equatorial plane, producing only weak and spatially limited disturbances along the equatorial orbits of exoplanets. Moreover, low-latitude CMEs experience stronger drag within the dense and slow stellar wind near the equator, which significantly reduces both their propagation speeds and their overall impact on exoplanets. The resulting dynamic pressure enhancements on equatorial exoplanets caused by these CMEs are within two orders of magnitude above the quiescent conditions, much lower than those reported in previous M-dwarf CME simulations. These results indicate that, if such magnetic topologies indeed exist on M dwarfs, they may produce a relatively benign CME environment, which could be favorable for planetary habitability at face value.

We investigate the quasinormal mode spectra of axial and polar perturbations about the effective Ashtekar, Olmedo, and Singh black hole geometry within the hybrid approach to loop quantum gravity. We also compare our results with those previously obtained by del-Corral and Olmedo for the dressed metric approach. Starting from mode equations that are straightforward effective counterparts of the classical equations, we compute these spectra by means of a high-order WKB method with Padé resummation. The violation of isospectrality between axial and polar perturbations that was claimed to exist in the dressed metric approach persists with the hybrid quantization, with deviations of the same order of magnitude as in the former effective case, although slightly larger for the hybrid prescription. In both situations, the isospectrality breaking decreases with the cubic root of the squared black hole mass in Planck units, consistently recovering the classical Schwarzschild limit. In addition, we perform a careful assessment of the applicability of the WKB approximation to the present effective analysis, confirming the parameter regions where the method remains reliable and highlighting specific mode cases for which the approximation breaks down.

Direct measurements of the angular sizes of stars (other than our Sun) are inherently limited by telescopes' optical diffraction limit. The spatial diffraction limit can be overcome by using time-domain information when stars are `eclipsed' by anything moving in the foreground: artificial satellites or the Moon (known as `lunar occultation imaging'). Here we analyse the angular resolution achievable by high-speed photon counting devices, when stars are eclipsed for several microseconds by one of the thousands of satellites now in low or mid-Earth orbit. We also build a full Bayesian statistical treatment for analysing simulated observations. We show that eclipses by the moon and satellites deliver $<2$ milliarcsecond resolution for $\sim$$10^4$ stars every year, with the diameters of $\sim$$10^1 - 10^2$ stars constrained to better than $0.5$ milliarcseconds. The application of satellites requires an ultra-fast, photon-resolving detector, capable of continuous readout with inter-frame delay controlled within $\lesssim 1$ $μ$s. Such a fast rate can easily be handled by the SPINA instrument, which has demonstrated $8$ ns inter-frame delay, and potentially by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is a future NASA flagship mission concept identified by the Astro2020 Decadal Survey as the highest priority for large space missions. HWO should conduct "transformative astrophysics" and search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of approximately 25 potentially Earth-like planets. To further the early-stage development of HWO, NASA formed the Science, Technology, Architecture Review Team (START). In turn, START invited the scientific community to join working groups to explore the potential discovery space. In this paper, we present 70 science cases that resulted from this process. The cases address four scientific pillars: growth of galaxies (15 cases), evolution of the elements (13 cases), solar systems in context (32 cases), and living worlds (10 cases). Combined, they would address 27 of the 30 science questions and discovery areas identified by Astro2020. The 140 observing programs needed for the 70 investigations encompass a rich variety of spectroscopic (for 87% of science cases) and photometric (for 30%) observations extending from the UV to the NIR. Additionally, high-contrast and polarimetric capabilities would be needed for 34% and 27% of science cases, respectively. Access to UV wavelengths is critical: 83% of science cases need data at wavelengths <400 nm, and 26% extend to <100 nm. In the NIR, 26% of science cases need observations at wavelengths >=2000 nm. Pursuing the full portfolio of science would also necessitate precise astrometry for planet mass measurement, rapid response capabilities, a large instantaneous field of regard, non-sidereal tracking, saturation mitigation strategies, and high dynamic range.

It is sometimes suggested that the most massive quasars at high redshift may have formed from rare high-sigma peaks in the cosmic density field. We explore here the evolution in a massive primordial halo corresponding to one of these rare sigma peaks, employing cosmological high-resolution magneto-hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations with initial field strength of $10^{-14}-10^{-8}$ G. The dark matter halo forms at the intersection of strongly convergent flows, leading to the formation of highly supersonic turbulence already on intergalactic scales, with turbulent Mach numbers of order $10-20$ also within the halo. Turbulent magnetic field amplification has never been explored in this regime and we therefore investigate whether this gives rise to effects similar to those observed in more typical halos. While the weaker initial field is somewhat more strongly amplified as a result of the shear flows, overall the evolution in the different simulations is rather similar and the flows are dominated by supersonic turbulence. We show in particular that the turbulent Jeans mass always dominates over the thermal and magnetic Jeans masses, and only on scales of $10^{-2}-10$ pc, the magnetic Jeans mass may become comparable to the thermal one. Our simulations thus strongly suggest the evolution to be dominated by the large-scale dynamics. As established in previous work, we thus expect the formation of central massive objects of a few times $10^4$ M$_\odot$ also in the presence of magnetic fields. The situation is somewhat different from more typical atomic cooling halos, where previous results have indicated a larger relevance of the magnetic Jeans mass on intermediate scales, potentially enhancing the mass of the massive object.

In galactic environments, a host dark matter (DM) halo can imprint weak but coherent corrections on black hole (BH) strong-field observables. We construct an exact family of static and spherically symmetric BH spacetimes sourced by a generic core/cusp DM halo, described by an anisotropic stress-energy tensor with nonvanishing radial pressure. The resulting geometry is determined self-consistently from the Einstein equations for a broad $\{α,β,γ\}$ density profile, including the NFW, Moore, Hernquist, Jaffe, and core/cusp Dehnen models as special cases. We discuss the asymptotic structure, horizon location, curvature scale, and energy conditions of the corresponding geometries, emphasizing that the inner logarithmic slope $γ$ controls the amount of DM probed by the relativistic region. We then obtain perturbative analytic estimates for the characteristic circular geodesics, demonstrating that the leading strong-field corrections are controlled by the dimensionless compactness $q_γ$, rather than by the total halo mass alone. To leading order in $q_γ$, we derive analytic expressions for the light ring radius, angular frequency, critical impact parameter, Lyapunov exponent, innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius, and ISCO frequency. For cuspy profiles, the light ring and ISCO are displaced outward, while the corresponding orbital frequencies are redshifted; for cored profiles, the light ring radius is unchanged at this order, although its frequency and capture impact parameter still carry finite environmental corrections. We also investigate the weak- and strong-deflection angles and their dependence on the halo's inner structure. We further discuss how these environmental corrections may affect ringdown physics, in particular through the perturbative imprint of the halo on quasinormal-mode redshifts and late-time wave propagation.

The solar wind is an outflow of solar plasma that expands from the corona to fill the heliosphere. Its turbulence provides a pathway for non-adiabatic heating and acceleration, and is therefore central to understanding the thermodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) evolution of the young solar wind. However, the variation of its turbulence properties over the solar activity cycle and the connection of these properties to solar source regions remains incompletely understood. Here we analyze observations from 25 solar orbits of NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission, in combination with a global MHD model, photospheric magnetograms, and extreme ultraviolet maps of the low corona, to investigate the solar-cycle dependence and the solar sources of turbulence in the very inner heliosphere. The observations reveal pronounced solar-activity variation in fluctuation amplitude, cross helicity, and related turbulence properties. By tracing PSP-connected magnetic flux tubes to their solar sources, we demonstrate that high turbulent-energy intervals are preferentially connected to coronal-hole sources with unipolar magnetic topology, whereas low turbulent-energy intervals are associated with multipolar topology and active-region environments. Our study combines in-situ measurements with numerical modeling and remote sensing observations to reveal how solar-cycle-dependent source structure determines turbulence variability and plasma heating in the young solar wind.

We present interferometric measurements of angular diameters for 27 nearby solar-type stars obtained with the Precision Astronomical Visible Observations (PAVO) beam combiner at the CHARA Array. The sample spans a broad range of metallicities, includes several known exoplanet hosts, and covers evolutionary stages from the zero-age main sequence to mildly evolved subgiants. Uniform-disk and limb-darkened angular diameters were measured for each target and combined with bolometric fluxes and Gaia parallaxes to determine precise, model-independent stellar radii, effective temperatures, and luminosities. We achieve typical uncertainties of $\sim1$\% in radius and $\sim1.5$\% in effective temperature. Comparisons with multiple stellar evolutionary model grids yield mass and age estimates and enable assessment of grid-to-grid systematics, highlighting sensitivities to abundances, evolutionary stage, and proximity to grid boundaries. Our results provide empirical benchmarks for testing stellar evolutionary theory, refining surface brightness-color relations, and improving the characterization of exoplanet host stars.

Near the end of their lives, low- and intermediate-mass stars expel metal-enriched material in winds and outflows, ultimately producing planetary nebulae (PNe). The ejected material is expected to fragment and mix into the interstellar medium (ISM), but this final assimilation step has been difficult to observe directly. Here we report evidence for this process in the form of twenty-two bow shocks in the eastern outskirts of the Helix Nebula, detected in H$α$ emission with the partially completed MOTHRA telescope. Unlike the large-scale wind-ISM bow shocks commonly observed around evolved stars, the shocks are compact and associated with individual clumps of gas. Going outward from the central star, the radius of curvature $R_c$ decreases by a factor of ~100 over the radial range r=0.4-1.4 pc. This is accompanied by a morphological transition from thin, well-defined bows to fuzzy, patchy structures. We interpret these changes as progressive stripping and fragmentation of AGB-shell remnants as they interact with the ISM. The slope of the observed $R_c - r$ relation implies a loss of fragment coherence on a timescale of ~10,000 yr, providing a rare direct constraint on the time-scale for disruption and entrainment of fragmented stellar ejecta into the ISM.

Circular photon orbits play a pivotal role in both gravitational theories and astronomical observations. However, the properties of circular photon orbits in naked singularity spacetimes remain insufficiently explored and deserve in-depth investigation. The present work is dedicated to a comprehensive study on the features of circular photon orbits in naked singularity spacetimes. Notably, a geometric approach is employed to investigate these orbits, in which the framework of optical geometry together with its intrinsic curvatures plays crucial roles. We analyze the existence of circular photon orbits through the intrinsic geodesic curvature, and we then investigate the number of stable and unstable circular orbits, as well as the topological invariant associated with circular photon orbits. By examining various classes of naked singularity spacetimes, we obtain a general conclusion regarding circular photon orbits that holds for arbitrary spherically symmetric naked singularity spacetimes: the total number of circular photon orbits is an even integer ($N = 2k$), consisting of $k$ stable orbits and $k$ unstable orbits in equal proportion. A mathematical proof of this conclusion is also provided in the present work. Furthermore, a comparison with other categories of spacetimes reveals that the conclusions regarding the count of circular photon orbits in naked singularity spacetimes agree with those obtained for compact object spacetimes without naked singularities, indicating that the number of circular photon geodesics is primarily governed by the presence of event horizons rather than spacetime singularities. Keywords: Circular Photon Orbit, Naked Singularity Spacetime, Optical Geometry, Geometric Curvatures

A recent work claimed by fitting the observed elemental abundance pattern of a halo star with the total yields from single super-/hypernova events that only a magnetorotational hypernova event (a very energetic supernova event that also produces r-process elements) could be the source of the observed abundances. Here, we show that the star's peculiar abundance pattern is better fitted within the framework of mixing stochasticity with yields from a normal core collapse supernova (ccSN; Energy$_{\rm exp}$ $\sim 10^{51}$ erg.) and a neutron star merger (NSM). The stochastic mixing model outperforms the hypernova fitting significantly, (r.m.s 0.24 vs 0.44) i.e., favours the composition from common events (ccSN + NSM) over the magnetorotational hypernova scenario. We also discuss the origin of the star and the possibility of enrichment of its birth cloud by both a ccSN and a NSM.

While recent surveys have resolved hundreds of nearby protostellar discs, numerical simulations assuming ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) have historically struggled to achieve disc formation due to efficient angular momentum removal by magnetic torques. Non-ideal MHD effects, relevant at the low ionization fractions typical of molecular clouds, have been shown to reduce the effectiveness of magnetic braking and promote disc formation. In this work, we present the results from a suite of calculations following the gravitational collapse of 50 $M_{\odot}$ turbulent molecular cloud cores down to the formation and evolution of stellar systems and protostellar discs. We use the radiation-MHD code GIZMO including non-ideal MHD (Ohmic resistivity, ambipolar diffusion, and the Hall effect) and the STARFORGE numerical framework for modeling star formation and stellar feedback. We compare the effects of assuming ideal vs. non-ideal MHD and including sub-grid protostellar jet feedback on disc formation and evolution. Discs form in all of our models but are least massive in the model with ideal MHD and sub-grid jet feedback. Apart from the ideal MHD$+$jets model, we do not observe any significant differences in disc properties between the ideal and non-ideal MHD models; however, ideal MHD discs are embedded in smaller rotating envelopes. Disc sizes are in general agreement with those of observed discs. Jet feedback increases core fragmentation and reduces final stellar masses. Our results suggest that magnetic braking does not efficiently suppress disc formation, regardless of whether ideal or non-ideal MHD is assumed, under the dynamical conditions in which multiple stellar systems form.

PDS~70~c and SR~12~c are the only bound planetary-mass objects with secure cold submillimeter disk detections. Together they constrain giant-planet growth and satellite formation. The PDS~70 planets exhibit remarkable parallels to the Jupiter--Saturn pair in our Solar System. Both PDS~70 planets accrete within one shared gap, which links their final masses, the material reaching each Hill sphere, and the properties of the circumplanetary disk. Planetary torques deplete this finite reservoir, causing circumplanetary supply to decline as the protoplanets open a circumstellar gap. SR~12~c separates the planetary-growth and satellite-formation timescales: gas and solids survive even though its current mass-growth timescale is $(1.9\pm0.5)\times10^9$~yr. For PDS~70~c, the 855-$μ$m flux implies $0.007$--$0.031\,\Mearth$ of dust at 26~K in the optically thin limit, while the optically thick limit requires a minimum coplanar radius of $0.58$--$0.66$~au, depending on temperature. This scale is compatible with late-stage gas inflow through a well-formed gap with specific angular momentum, $r_{\rm c}\sim\RH/3$. These observations are consistent with our satellite formation model for Jupiter and Saturn (Mosqueira \& Estrada 2003a,b, submitted in 2001), in which gas-drag clearing of satellitesimals gives formation timescales of $\sim10^6$~yr for Callisto and $\sim10^7$~yr for Iapetus. The PDS~70 age of $5.4\pm1.0$~Myr lies between these values. These constraints provide strong support for a quiescent, solids-enhanced satellite-forming environment, coupled in the early stages to planetary-gap evolution.

Previous studies on conductors and superconductors in curved spacetimes, and the gravitationally-induced electric and magnetic fields in them, are mostly restricted to the limit of weak fields and low velocities. Also the observer-dependence of these phenomena are not discussed in the literature. In this article, following London's phenomenological approach to superconductivity, we consider the electrodynamics of superconductors in stationary spacetimes without employing any weak field or low velocity limit. To this end, first we define the 3-force acting on charged particles in gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and derive its explicit form in a general spacetime decomposition formalism. Then, to highlight the role of observers, we apply the force equation to the free charges in superconductors in stationary spacetimes in the two well known threading and slicing decomposition formalisms. Applying the stationary condition in the superconducting state, we arrive at the generalized Schiff-Barnhill and Meissner effects, which compared to the low velocity and weak field limit include extra terms originating from the recently introduced gravitationally-induced constitutive equations. To show the consistency of our approach, we also derive the generalized Meissner effect from the second London equation in stationary spacetimes.

Torsion entered early-universe cosmology twice: through the nonsingular Einstein--Cartan bounce, where the quantum spin of fermions halts the contraction, and through the proposal that the expansion following that bounce could take over the duties of cosmic inflation. We revisit the second idea in a constructive spirit. First we compute its budget: for a Weyssenhoff spin fluid with barotropic source, $w\in\left[0,1\right]$, the accelerated window that follows the bounce spans $N_e=\ln\left[4/\left(1+3w\right)\right]/3\left(1-w\right)\leq\tfrac{1}{3}\ln4\simeq0.46$ e-folds, and positive spatial curvature only shrinks it. The mechanism is sound; its torsional ``fuel'' dilutes as $a^{-6}$, and the engine stops two orders of magnitude short of inflationary needs. We then ask what torsion would need in order to sustain a quasi-de Sitter phase, and give a two-branch answer in Riemann--Cartan cosmology with nonminimal couplings, where torsion is fed by the couplings rather than by spin. The vectorial branch reproduces Palatini inflation, observationally alive. On the axial branch we exhibit an exact de Sitter solution sustained by a torsion condensate: constant axial torsion $f_{0}$, a linear Gauss--Bonnet coupling, and a potential fixed to $V_{0}=6f_{0}^{2}+\tfrac{5}{2}v^{2}$ by the Friedmann constraint. The solution is an attractor of the homogeneous dynamics, with eigenvalue exactly $-3H$. The phase ends when the slope $U^{\prime}$, a decreasing function of the roll speed at fixed flat potential, drifts down to the floor $5/16V_{0}$ and the condensate switches itself off; consistency of the effective theory pins the whole episode near the Planck scale, $H\gtrsim0.3$ in reduced Planck units. We studied this branch at background level; its perturbation spectrum remains open.

We argue that effects of the quantum spin-connection foam, which describes quantum gravity according to the precanonical quantization of General Relativity, may already be observed in the form of the small cosmological constant and a modification of Newtonian dynamics at small accelerations, manifested in the flat rotation curves of galaxies. We obtain a modification of the Newtonian potential that takes into account the existence of a fundamental small acceleration scale, $a_* = 8πG\hbar\varkappa$, where $\varkappa$ is a parameter with the dimensions of inverse spatial volume that appears on dimensional grounds. The connection between $\varkappa$ and the hadronic scale of the mass gap in the pure Yang-Mills sector of the Standard Model leads to an estimated value of $a_*$ compatible with the Milgromian acceleration scale in MOND. The connection between $a_*^2$ and the cosmological constant leads to a realistic value of the latter. Milgromian MOND, together with a theoretically distinct interpolating function, is derived under the assumption that classical dynamics is modified by the mean-field acceleration calculated from the simplest solution of precanonical quantum gravity in the nonrelativistic approximation. We also indicate that the effects of Newtonian dynamics modified by the spin-connection foam may be observable in the Solar System and even in laboratory experiments.